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Zhao X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Gong M. Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yanxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
| | - Xueqiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yunxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Maoqiong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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Wingert MC, Zhao AZ, Kodera Y, Obrey SJ, Garay JE. Frequency-domain hot-wire sensor and 3D model for thermal conductivity measurements of reactive and corrosive materials at high temperatures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:054904. [PMID: 32486705 DOI: 10.1063/1.5138915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High temperature solids and liquids are becoming increasingly important in next-generation energy and manufacturing systems that seek higher efficiencies and lower emissions. Accurate measurements of thermal conductivity at high temperatures are required for the modeling and design of these systems, but commonly employed time-domain measurements can have errors from convection, corrosion, and ambient temperature fluctuations. Here, we describe the development of a frequency-domain hot-wire technique capable of accurately measuring the thermal conductivity of solid and molten compounds from room temperature up to 800 °C. By operating in the frequency-domain, we can lock into the harmonic thermal response of the material and reject the influence of ambient temperature fluctuations, and we can keep the probed volume below 1 µl to minimize convection. The design of the microfabricated hot-wire sensor, electrical systems, and insulating wire coating to protect against corrosion is covered in detail. Furthermore, we discuss the development of a full three-dimensional multilayer thermal model that accounts for both radial conduction into the sample and axial conduction along the wire and the effect of wire coatings. The 3D, multilayer model facilitates the measurement of small sample volumes important for material development. A sensitivity analysis and an error propagation calculation of the frequency-domain thermal model are performed to demonstrate what factors are most important for thermal conductivity measurements. Finally, we show thermal conductivity measurements including model data fitting on gas (argon), solid (sulfur), and molten substances over a range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wingert
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - A Z Zhao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Y Kodera
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - S J Obrey
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J E Garay
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Li F, Shi S, Ma W, Zhang X. A switched vibrating-hot-wire method for measuring the viscosity and thermal conductivity of liquids. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:075105. [PMID: 31370429 DOI: 10.1063/1.5064426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method involving a vibrating hot wire is proposed for measuring the viscosity and thermal conductivity of liquids. A platinum wire is bent into a semicircular shape and immersed in the sample liquid in the presence of a static magnetic field. Alternating current is then applied to the wire, causing it to vibrate and generate heat. At low frequency, the frequency response of the vibration is used to calculate the viscosity. At high frequency, the vibration amplitude of the wire is less than the molecular free path, and the thermal conductivity of the sample is obtained from the temperature dependence of the resistance. The proposed method is validated using water, toluene, anhydrous ethanol, and ethanediol as the test samples. The measurement uncertainty is estimated to be 1.5% (k = 1) for thermal conductivity and 0.7% (k = 2) for viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyi Shi
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Weigang Ma
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Zhao J, Wang B, Yang L, Cheng C, Song Y. A novel apparatus for in situ measurement of thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:085110. [PMID: 26329236 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An experimental apparatus was developed to synthesize natural gas hydrates and measure the thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments in situ. The apparatus works over a temperature range varying from -20 °C to 50 °C and up to a maximum pressure of 20 MPa. This apparatus is mainly composed of a thermal conductivity test system and a reaction cell, into which a lab-fabricated thermistor probe is inserted. This thermistor has excellent temperature sensitivity and can work at high pressures. The basic principles of this apparatus are discussed, and a series of experiments were performed to verify that the apparatus can be practically applied in chemical engineering. The thermistor-based measuring method was applied successfully in a high-pressure environment both with and without porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchen Song
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Bran-Anleu G, Lavine AS, Wirz RE, Kavehpour HP. Algorithm to optimize transient hot-wire thermal property measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:045105. [PMID: 24784657 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transient hot-wire method has been widely used to measure the thermal conductivity of fluids. The ideal working equation is based on the solution of the transient heat conduction equation for an infinite linear heat source assuming no natural convection or thermal end effects. In practice, the assumptions inherent in the model are only valid for a portion of the measurement time. In this study, an algorithm was developed to automatically select the proper data range from a transient hot-wire experiment. Numerical simulations of the experiment were used in order to validate the algorithm. The experimental results show that the developed algorithm can be used to improve the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bran-Anleu
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Adrienne S Lavine
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Richard E Wirz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - H Pirouz Kavehpour
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Lee SH, Jang SP. Note: effect of the tilting angle of the wire on the onset of natural convection in the transient hot wire method. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:076103. [PMID: 22852738 DOI: 10.1063/1.4731727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations are systematically performed to identify the effect of the tilting angle of the wire on the onset of natural convection in the transient hot wire method (THWM), a widely accepted technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of various media, especially nanofluids. To validate our numerical simulation code, the numerical results are compared with theoretical solutions as well as with experimental results. Based on the results, we show that the onset time of natural convection in THWM decreases rapidly with the increase of the wire's tilting angle from vertical position. Also, we systematically show the effect of the wire's tilting angle on the linear region, which is a suitable measurement interval, and on the measurement error of THWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Lee
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 412-791, Korea
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Menashe J, Wakeham WA. Absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids at pressures up to 500 MPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19810850418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Amrollahi A, Hamidi AA, Rashidi AM. The effects of temperature, volume fraction and vibration time on the thermo-physical properties of a carbon nanotube suspension (carbon nanofluid). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:315701. [PMID: 21828793 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/31/315701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, nanofluids of carbon nanotubes are prepared and the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of these fluids are measured using a thin layer technique as a function of time of ultrasonication, temperature, and volume fraction. It has been observed that after using the ultrasonic disrupter, the size of agglomerated particles and number of primary particles in a particle cluster was significantly decreased and that the thermal conductivity increased with elapsed ultrasonication time. The clustering of carbon nanotubes was also confirmed microscopically. The strong dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on temperature and volume fraction of nanofluids was attributed to Brownian motion and the interparticle potential, which influences the particle motion. The effect of temperature will become much more evident with an increase in the volume fraction and the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, as observed experimentally. The data obtained from this work have been compared with those of other studies and also with mathematical models at present proven for suspensions. Using a 2.5% volumetric concentration of carbon nanotubes resulted in a 20% increase in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid (ethylene glycol).The volumetric heat capacity also showed a pronounced increase with respect to that of the pure base fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amrollahi
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Teheran, PO Box 11365-4563, Teheran, Iran
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Giaretto V, Miraldi E, Torchio MF. Apparatus to study the onset of free convection about vertical and inclined hot wires. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:074901. [PMID: 17672784 DOI: 10.1063/1.2754401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a methodology and an apparatus used to evaluate the onset time of free convection in hot-wire experiments. The evaluation of the onset time is useful to obtain a measurement interval that is suitable to estimate the thermal properties of a fluid. If a pure conduction regime is present, the hot-wire temperature increment versus time is a straight line in a semilog plot, whereas the convection effect induces a deviation from this trend. An algorithm based on the F test is proposed to evaluate the onset time of free convection. The experimental facility has the particular feature of allowing an easy change of the hot-wire inclination angle up to 118.3 mrad. The wire is kept in a tilted position by a permanent horseshoe magnet, and the tilting angle from the vertical is measured by a theodolite. Some testing results using water are discussed for vertical and inclined wires. A good agreement between the experimental onset times and the theoretical ones is found in the case of a vertical wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Giaretto
- Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Nagasaka Y, Nagashima A. Absolute measurement of the thermal conductivity of electrically conducting liquids by the transient hot-wire method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/14/12/020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Haran EN, Wakeham WA. A transient hot-wire cell for thermal conductivity measurements over a wide temperature range. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/15/8/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The construction and operation of an apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity of gases and gas mixtures, by using the transient hot-wire technique, is described. The description is set in the context of the development of this method over the past 12 years in a number of centres and a bibliography of the results obtained in this period is given. The sources of error and the consequences both to the limitations to experimental conditions and to the corrections to be applied are discussed in detail. The experimental and theoretical procedures described are representative of the current state of this developing technique. Results are given for helium and correlating equations given for a data for other gases and gas mixtures. These indicate a precision of 0.1 % and an absolute accuracy of 0.5 % for the apparatus described for temperatures from 300 to 470 K and pressures from 1 to 25 MPa.
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