Non-invasive measurement of pulmonary arterial pressure: I. A haemodynamic modelling approach

Non-invasive measurement of pulmonary arterial pressure: II. A radionuclide method

Pulmonary artery pulse pressure (PP) and diastolic pressure (Pd) may be obtained by applying a haemodynamic model of blood flow kinetics and wall mechanics to the pulmonary artery: Pp = rho(ws/(Ss/Sd-1))2log(Ss/Sd)-1/2 rho w2s Pd = (Sd/Ss)1/2Pp where rho is blood density, ws is peak ejection velocity, and Ss and Sd are peak maximal and end diastolic cross-sectional areas of the main pulmonary artery. The different parameters of the equations were measured from radionuclide first pass and equilibrium studies. Radionuclide first pass studies were performed in 24 patients with intravenous injection of 20 mCi of 99Tcm red blood cells with a gamma camera in a 20 degrees right anterior oblique position: data were collected in list mode, i.e. a continuous sequence of spatial and temporal coordinates of each photon. Pulmonary arterial pressure was recorded simultaneously with a microtip catheter during the first pass study. Gated first pass images of the right side of the heart were reconstructed, regions of interest drawn over the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and time-activity curves generated. Peak systolic (Cs) and end diastolic (Cd) counts obtained from the MPA curve were proportional to the cross sections Ss and Sd of the MPA and Ss/Sd = Cs/Cd. The diameter (D) of the pulmonary artery was calculated as the distance between the two zeros of the second derivative of a cross-sectional profile. The averaged cross-sectional area was S = pi D2/4. ECG gated blood pool studies were performed in a LAO 40 degrees position when the tracer was at equilibrium; they were processed automatically and the right ventricular end diastolic counts (EDC) converted into volume (EDV) using an aortic volume/count ratio. Right ventricular peak ejection rate (PER) was obtained from the RV time-activity curve and the instantaneous peak ejection velocity was calculated, ws = PER X EDV/S X EDC. PP and Pd were calculated in mmHg and the radionuclide method yielded pressure values that correlated reasonably with catheterisation values: PP(rad) = 0.99 PP(cath)-0.55, r = 0.84 and Pd(rad) = 0.67 Pd(cath) + 4.91, r = 0.74. We conclude that radionuclide techniques can provide a non-invasive method based on a haemodynamic model for measuring pulmonary arterial pressure.