Opto-thermal in vivo monitoring of sunscreens on skin

Vaccines for African swine fever: an update

African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared imaging with variable angles of incidence: a three-dimensional profiling of heterogeneous materials

Depth profiling in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has been demonstrated using a single reflection variable angle attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory. Chemical information about samples can be obtained in three dimensions by acquiring ATR-FT-IR images at different angles of incidence through the ATR crystal. The image quality and field of view achieved at different angles of incidence has been discussed. A polymer film comprising two layers has been used as an example to demonstrate the principle of the measurement. The demonstrated approach is a promising tool to obtain depth profiles of heterogeneous materials. The extent of the measured depths is limited and ranges from approximately 0.3 to 4 microm, but the spatial resolution in the z-direction is not limited by diffraction. The development of this approach opens up the possibility to study the spatial heterogeneity of thin films including biological tissues, such as hair and skin, with high depth resolution.