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Miyazaki HT, Mano T, Kasaya T, Osato H, Watanabe K, Sugimoto Y, Kawazu T, Arai Y, Shigetou A, Ochiai T, Jimba Y, Miyazaki H. Synchronously wired infrared antennas for resonant single-quantum-well photodetection up to room temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:565. [PMID: 31992712 PMCID: PMC6987185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical patch antennas sandwiching dielectrics between metal layers have been used as deep subwavelength building blocks of metasurfaces for perfect absorbers and thermal emitters. However, for applications of these metasurfaces for optoelectronic devices, wiring to each electrically isolated antenna is indispensable for biasing and current flow. Here we show that geometrically engineered metallic wires interconnecting the antennas can function to synchronize the optical phases for promoting coherent resonance, not only as electrical conductors. Antennas connected with optimally folded wires are applied to intersubband infrared photodetectors with a single 4-nm-thick quantum well, and a polarization-independent external quantum efficiency as high as 61% (responsivity 3.3 A W−1, peak wavelength 6.7 μm) at 78 K, even extending to room temperature, is demonstrated. Applications of synchronously wired antennas are not limited to photodetectors, but are expected to serve as a fundamental architecture of arrayed subwavelength resonators for optoelectronic devices such as emitters and modulators. Applications of metasurfaces for optoelectronic devices require wiring to each isolated antenna for biasing and current flow. Here, the authors report optimal wire interconnects design for controlling the optical properties and present antenna-enhanced mid-infrared photodetection incorporating a single quantum well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki T Miyazaki
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Mano
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasaya
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Osato
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sugimoto
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawazu
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yukinaga Arai
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Akitsu Shigetou
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Ochiai
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoji Jimba
- Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
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Liu WM, Maivelett J, Kato GJ, Taylor JG, Yang WC, Liu YC, Yang YG, Gorbach AM. Reconstruction of Thermographic Signals to Map Perforator Vessels in Humans. QUANTITATIVE INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY JOURNAL 2012; 9:123-133. [PMID: 23667389 PMCID: PMC3650860 DOI: 10.1080/17686733.2012.737157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal representations on the surface of a human forearm of underlying perforator vessels have previously been mapped via recovery-enhanced infrared imaging, which is performed as skin blood flow recovers to baseline levels following cooling of the forearm. We noted that the same vessels could also be observed during reactive hyperaemia tests after complete 5-min occlusion of the forearm by an inflatable cuff. However, not all subjects showed vessels with acceptable contrast. Therefore, we applied a thermographic signal reconstruction algorithm to reactive hyperaemia testing, which substantially enhanced signal-to-noise ratios between perforator vessels and their surroundings, thereby enabling their mapping with higher accuracy and a shorter occlusion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Liu
- Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
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Locating Perforator Vessels by Dynamic Infrared Imaging and Flow Doppler With No Thermal Cold Challenge. Ann Plast Surg 2011; 67:143-6. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181ef6da3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Savastano DM, Gorbach AM, Eden HS, Brady SM, Reynolds JC, Yanovski JA. Adiposity and human regional body temperature. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1124-31. [PMID: 19740972 PMCID: PMC2762153 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human obesity is associated with increased heat production; however, subcutaneous adipose tissue provides an insulating layer that impedes heat loss. To maintain normothermia, therefore, obese individuals must increase their heat dissipation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that temperature in a heat-dissipating region of the hand is elevated in obese adults. DESIGN Obese [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) > or = 30] and normal-weight (NW; body mass index = 18-25) adults were studied under thermoneutral conditions at rest. Core body temperature was measured by using ingested telemetric capsules. The temperatures of the third fingernail bed of the right hand and of abdominal skin from an area 1.5 cm inferior to the umbilicus were determined by using infrared thermography. Abdominal skin temperatures were also measured via adhesive thermistors that were placed over a prominent skin-surface blood vessel and over an adjacent nonvessel location. The groups were compared by analysis of covariance with age, sex, race, and room temperature as covariates. RESULTS Core temperature did not differ significantly between the 23 obese and 13 NW participants (P = 0.74). However, infrared thermography-measured fingernail-bed temperature was significantly higher in obese subjects than in NW subjects (33.9 +/- 0.7 degrees C compared with 28.6 +/- 0.9 degrees C; P < 0.001). Conversely, infrared thermography-measured abdominal skin temperature was significantly lower in obese subjects than in NW subjects (31.8 +/- 0.2 degrees C compared with 32.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C; P = 0.02). Nonvessel abdominal skin temperatures measured by thermistors were also lower in obese subjects (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Greater subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in obese adults may provide a significant insulating layer that blunts abdominal heat transfer. Augmented heat release from the hands may offset heat retention in areas of the body with greater adiposity, thereby helping to maintain normothermia in obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00266500.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Savastano
- Unit on Growth and Obesity, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
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Merla A, Mattei PA, Di Donato L, Romani GL. Thermal Imaging of Cutaneous Temperature Modifications in Runners During Graded Exercise. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 38:158-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tenorio X, Mahajan AL, Wettstein R, Harder Y, Pawlovski M, Pittet B. Early Detection of Flap Failure Using a New Thermographic Device. J Surg Res 2009; 151:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miland ÅO, de Weerd L, Weum S, Mercer JB. Visualising skin perfusion in isolated human abdominal skin flaps using dynamic infrared thermography and indocyanine green fluorescence video angiography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-008-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hamaoka T, McCully KK, Quaresima V, Yamamoto K, Chance B. Near-infrared spectroscopy/imaging for monitoring muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism in healthy and diseased humans. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:062105. [PMID: 18163808 DOI: 10.1117/1.2805437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was initiated in 1977 by Jobsis as a simple, noninvasive method for measuring the presence of oxygen in muscle and other tissues in vivo. This review honoring Jobsis highlights the progress that has been made in developing and adapting NIRS and NIR imaging (NIRI) technologies for evaluating skeletal muscle O(2) dynamics and oxidative energy metabolism. Development of NIRS/NIRI technologies has included novel approaches to quantification of the signal, as well as the addition of multiple source detector pairs for imaging. Adaptation of NIRS technology has focused on the validity and reliability of NIRS measurements. NIRS measurements have been extended to resting, ischemic, localized exercise, and whole body exercise conditions. In addition, NIRS technology has been applied to the study of a number of chronic health conditions, including patients with chronic heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, varying muscle diseases, spinal cord injury, and renal failure. As NIRS technology continues to evolve, the study of skeletal muscle function with NIRS first illuminated by Jobsis continues to be bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Department of Exercise Science, Shiromizu 1, Kanoya, 891-2393 Japan.
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Banzer W, Hübscher M, Seib M, Vogt L. Short-Time Effects of Laser Needle Stimulation on the Peripheral Microcirculation Assessed by Laser Doppler Spectroscopy and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24:575-80. [PMID: 17069486 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.24.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate immediate effects of a standardized laser needle stimulation over a defined acupuncture point on the microvascular blood flow and muscle oxygenation in the human forearm. BACKGROUND DATA Recently, it has been shown that laser stimulation improves tissue perfusion. This is relevant since adequate blood supply is an important factor in the treatment of pain syndromes. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-three healthy non-smoking males were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 15) with no laser irradiation and to an intervention group (n = 18) for which laser needle irradiation was performed on the right forearm at acupuncture point Pe6. Non-invasive blood flow measurements (laser Doppler spectroscopy [LDS]) were performed before, during, and after intervention. Additionally, the dynamic changes in muscle oxygenation of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris were investigated using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS Repeated measures MANOVA demonstrated a statistically significant interaction between time and group (p = 0.034, effect size = 0.39), indicating that peripheral blood flow was influenced by laser needle application. In contrast, tissue oxygenation was not affected by the experimental treatment. CONCLUSION It has been demonstrated that laser needle stimulation may improve peripheral microcirculation under standardized conditions, whereas tissue oxygenation remained unchanged. Further research is required to determine the influence of various parameter settings and irradiation treatments on the peripheral microcirculation. Moreover, different acupuncture points should be investigated in order to appraise the clinical effectiveness of laserneedle stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Binzoni T, Courvoisier C, Giust R, Tribillon G, Gharbi T, Hebden JC, Leung TS, Roux J, Delpy DT. Anisotropic photon migration in human skeletal muscle. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:N79-90. [PMID: 16481676 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/5/n01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated in the short head of the human biceps brachii of 16 healthy subjects (12 males and 4 females) that near infrared photon migration is anisotropic. The probability for a photon to travel along the direction of the muscle fibres is higher (approximately 0.4) than that of travelling along a perpendicular axis (approximately 0.3) while in the adipose tissue the probability is the same (approximately 0.33) in all directions. Considering that the muscle fibre orientation is different depending on the type of muscle considered, and that inside a given skeletal muscle the orientation may change, the present findings in part might explain the intrasubject variability observed in the physiological parameters measured by near infrared spectroscopy techniques. In other words, the observed regional differences might not only be physiological differences but also optical artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Binzoni
- Département de Neurosciences Fondamentales, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Vainer BG. FPA-based infrared thermography as applied to the study of cutaneous perspiration and stimulated vascular response in humans. Phys Med Biol 2005; 50:R63-94. [PMID: 16306642 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/50/23/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of focal plane array (FPA)-based infrared (IR) thermography as a powerful research method in the field of physiology and medicine. Comparison of the gained results with the data previously obtained by other authors with other research tools is given. Outer thermoregulatory manifestations displayed by the human organism subjected to whole-body heating (sauna bath) and physical loads (exercise bicycling) are quantitatively analysed. Some details of human body emotional sweating (psycho-physiological effect) are reported. Particular attention is paid to studying active sweat glands as individual objects. All experimental data were obtained with the help of a high-sensitivity (0.03 degrees C) fast 128 x 128 InAs IR detector-based thermal imaging system operating in the short-wave spectral region (2.5 to 3 microm) and perfectly suiting medical purposes. It is shown that IR thermography makes it possible to overcome limitations inherent to contact measuring means that were traditionally used before in thermal studies. It is also shown that heterogeneous thermograms displayed by organisms with disturbed inner equilibrium can be quantitatively analysed in terms of statistical parameters of related surface-temperature histograms, such as the mean temperature and the standard deviation of temperature (SDT). The increase and the decrease in SDT turned out to be typical of prolonged physical load and subsequent relaxation, and of external whole-body heating, respectively. Explanation of this result based on a hypothesis advanced within the context of the doctrine of human-organism evolution is given. Skin-temperature distribution function accompanying the relaxed organism in normality was found to closely resemble normal-distribution function. Symmetry break down and variation of the shape of this characteristic may serve as an indicator of homeostasis shift and can be used as a quantitative criterion for the latter. A new phenomenon, stable punctate hidrosis, is discovered and described. The term sweatology is introduced to refer to the discussed specific research area in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Vainer
- Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk.
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