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Huang C, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Yin Y, Hu Z, She Q, Mao R, Wei K, Yang H, Tang K, Lu Z. Carbon ion radiography with a composite ionization chamber detector. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 203:111072. [PMID: 37897938 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Range uncertainty in carbon ion therapy can diminish treatment efficacy because it may cause deviation from the planned dose distribution. The precise and accurate determination of relative stopping power (RSP) maps of carbon ions in the patient is a direct solution to this problem. To obtain RSP maps in patients undergoing carbon ion radiography, our team developed a preliminary prototype of a composite ionization chamber detection (CICD) system. The CICD prototype employs synchronously gated integral electronics with the ability to measure the depth-to-dose curve and the beam profile simultaneously. Carbon ion radiography experiments were performed on hemispherical, sloped, and stepped phantoms using the Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) beam. The beam energy was 190.19 MeV/μ and the beam spot full width at half maximum (FWHM) was 7.42 mm. The radiographic image of the sloped phantom, the thickness prediction accuracy of each pixel (2 mm) is 88.25%, its absolute mean error (AME) is 1.07 mm, and the maximum absolute deviation (MAD) is 2.64 mm. The prediction accuracy of the CICD prototype is mainly affected by electronic noise, with a noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of about 14.36 dB. Carbon ion radiography simulations were performed in this study using Geant4 software to eliminate the effect of the electronic noise. The thickness prediction accuracy is 98.54%, 98.62%, and 99.07% per pixel for hemispherical, sloped and stepped phantoms, respectively, with AME of 0.09 mm, 0.27 mm, and 0.48 mm. Carbon ion radiography utilizing the CICD prototype scheme has the ability to refine the accuracy and resolution of radiographic images, consequently establishing a scientific foundation for diminishing the effects of range uncertainty and fully exploiting the advantages of precision particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhiguo Xu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zulong Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongzhi Yin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhengguo Hu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianshun She
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ruishi Mao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kun Wei
- Wuwei Occupational College, Wuwei, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Herun Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ziwei Lu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Huo W, Zwart T, Cooley J, Huang K, Finley C, Jee KW, Sharp GC, Rosenthal S, Xu XG, Lu HM. A single detector energy-resolved proton radiography system: a proof of principle study by Monte Carlo simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:025016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf96f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Parodi K, Polf JC. In vivo range verification in particle therapy. Med Phys 2018; 45:e1036-e1050. [PMID: 30421803 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of the full potential offered by ion beams in clinical practice is still hampered by several sources of treatment uncertainties, particularly related to the limitations of our ability to locate the position of the Bragg peak in the tumor. To this end, several efforts are ongoing to improve the characterization of patient position, anatomy, and tissue stopping power properties prior to treatment as well as to enable in vivo verification of the actual dose delivery, or at least beam range, during or shortly after treatment. This contribution critically reviews methods under development or clinical testing for verification of ion therapy, based on pretreatment range and tissue probing as well as the detection of secondary emissions or physiological changes during and after treatment, trying to disentangle approaches of general applicability from those more specific to certain anatomical locations. Moreover, it discusses future directions, which could benefit from an integration of multiple modalities or address novel exploitation of the measurable signals for biologically adapted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, Garching b. Munich, 85748, Germany
| | - Jerimy C Polf
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Hammi A, Koenig S, Weber DC, Poppe B, Lomax AJ. Patient positioning verification for proton therapy using proton radiography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:245009. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aadf79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Krah N, Khellaf F, Létang JM, Rit S, Rinaldi I. A comprehensive theoretical comparison of proton imaging set-ups in terms of spatial resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:135013. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaca1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shrestha D, Qin N, Zhang Y, Kalantari F, Niu S, Jia X, Pompos A, Jiang S, Wang J. Iterative reconstruction with boundary detection for carbon ion computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:055002. [PMID: 29384493 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaac0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In heavy ion radiation therapy, improving the accuracy in range prediction of the ions inside the patient's body has become essential. Accurate localization of the Bragg peak provides greater conformity of the tumor while sparing healthy tissues. We investigated the use of carbon ions directly for computed tomography (carbon CT) to create the relative stopping power map of a patient's body. The Geant4 toolkit was used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation of the carbon ion trajectories, to study their lateral and angular deflections and the most likely paths, using a water phantom. Geant4 was used to create carbonCT projections of a contrast and spatial resolution phantom, with a cone beam of 430 MeV/u carbon ions. The contrast phantom consisted of cranial bone, lung material, and PMMA inserts while the spatial resolution phantom contained bone and lung material inserts with line pair (lp) densities ranging from 1.67 lp cm-1 through 5 lp cm-1. First, the positions of each carbon ion on the rear and front trackers were used for an approximate reconstruction of the phantom. The phantom boundary was extracted from this approximate reconstruction, by using the position as well as angle information from the four tracking detectors, resulting in the entry and exit locations of the individual ions on the phantom surface. Subsequent reconstruction was performed by the iterative algebraic reconstruction technique coupled with total variation minimization (ART-TV) assuming straight line trajectories for the ions inside the phantom. The influence of number of projections was studied with reconstruction from five different sets of projections: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90. Additionally, the effect of number of ions on the image quality was investigated by reducing the number of ions/projection while keeping the total number of projections at 60. An estimation of carbon ion range using the carbonCT image resulted in improved range prediction compared to the range calculated using a calibration curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Shrestha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
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Dedes G, De Angelis L, Rit S, Hansen D, Belka C, Bashkirov V, Johnson RP, Coutrakon G, Schubert KE, Schulte RW, Parodi K, Landry G. Application of fluence field modulation to proton computed tomography for proton therapy imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 62:6026-6043. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Doolan PJ, Royle G, Gibson A, Lu HM, Prieels D, Bentefour EH. Dose ratio proton radiography using the proximal side of the Bragg peak. Med Phys 2015; 42:1871-83. [PMID: 25832077 DOI: 10.1118/1.4915492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, there has been a movement toward single-detector proton radiography, due to its potential ease of implementation within the clinical environment. One such single-detector technique is the dose ratio method in which the dose maps from two pristine Bragg peaks are recorded beyond the patient. To date, this has only been investigated on the distal side of the lower energy Bragg peak, due to the sharp falloff. The authors investigate the limits and applicability of the dose ratio method on the proximal side of the lower energy Bragg peak, which has the potential to allow a much wider range of water-equivalent thicknesses (WET) to be imaged. Comparisons are made with the use of the distal side of the Bragg peak. METHODS Using the analytical approximation for the Bragg peak, the authors generated theoretical dose ratio curves for a range of energy pairs, and then determined how an uncertainty in the dose ratio would translate to a spread in the WET estimate. By defining this spread as the accuracy one could achieve in the WET estimate, the authors were able to generate lookup graphs of the range on the proximal side of the Bragg peak that one could reliably use. These were dependent on the energy pair, noise level in the dose ratio image and the required accuracy in the WET. Using these lookup graphs, the authors investigated the applicability of the technique for a range of patient treatment sites. The authors validated the theoretical approach with experimental measurements using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor active pixel sensor (CMOS APS), by imaging a small sapphire sphere in a high energy proton beam. RESULTS Provided the noise level in the dose ratio image was 1% or less, a larger spread of WETs could be imaged using the proximal side of the Bragg peak (max 5.31 cm) compared to the distal side (max 2.42 cm). In simulation, it was found that, for a pediatric brain, it is possible to use the technique to image a region with a square field equivalent size of 7.6 cm(2), for a required accuracy in the WET of 3 mm and a 1% noise level in the dose ratio image. The technique showed limited applicability for other patient sites. The CMOS APS demonstrated a good accuracy, with a root-mean-square-error of 1.6 mm WET. The noise in the measured images was found to be σ = 1.2% (standard deviation) and theoretical predictions with a 1.96σ noise level showed good agreement with the measured errors. CONCLUSIONS After validating the theoretical approach with measurements, the authors have shown that the use of the proximal side of the Bragg peak when performing dose ratio imaging is feasible, and allows for a wider dynamic range than when using the distal side. The dynamic range available increases as the demand on the accuracy of the WET decreases. The technique can only be applied to clinical sites with small maximum WETs such as for pediatric brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Doolan
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - G Royle
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A Gibson
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - H-M Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - D Prieels
- Ion Beam Applications (IBA), 3 Chemin du Cyclotron, Louvain la Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - E H Bentefour
- Ion Beam Applications (IBA), 3 Chemin du Cyclotron, Louvain la Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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Krah N, Testa M, Brons S, Jäkel O, Parodi K, Voss B, Rinaldi I. An advanced image processing method to improve the spatial resolution of ion radiographies. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:8525-47. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/21/8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Doolan PJ, Testa M, Sharp G, Bentefour EH, Royle G, Lu HM. Patient-specific stopping power calibration for proton therapy planning based on single-detector proton radiography. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:1901-17. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/5/1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rinaldi I, Brons S, Jäkel O, Voss B, Parodi K. A method to increase the nominal range resolution of a stack of parallel-plate ionization chambers. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:5501-15. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Heavy ion radiography and tomography. Phys Med 2014; 30:539-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rinaldi I, Brons S, Jäkel O, Voss B, Parodi K. Experimental investigations on carbon ion scanning radiography using a range telescope. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:3041-57. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/12/3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Testa M, Verburg JM, Rose M, Min CH, Tang S, Bentefour EH, Paganetti H, Lu HM. Proton radiography and proton computed tomography based on time-resolved dose measurements. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:8215-33. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/22/8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rinaldi I, Brons S, Gordon J, Panse R, Voss B, Jäkel O, Parodi K. Experimental characterization of a prototype detector system for carbon ion radiography and tomography. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:413-27. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/3/413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bourhaleb F, Marchetto F, Attili A, Pittà G, Cirio R, Donetti M, Giordanengo S, Givehchi N, Iliescu S, Krengli M, La Rosa A, Massai D, Pecka A, Pardo J, Peroni C. A treatment planning code for inverse planning and 3D optimization in hadrontherapy. Comput Biol Med 2008; 38:990-9. [PMID: 18722599 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of protons and ions, especially carbon ions, is a new technique and a challenge to conform the dose to the target due to the energy deposition characteristics of hadron beams. An appropriate treatment planning system (TPS) is strictly necessary to take full advantage. We developed a TPS software, ANCOD++, for the evaluation of the optimal conformal dose. ANCOD++ is an analytical code using the voxel-scan technique as an active method to deliver the dose to the patient, and provides treatment plans with both proton and carbon ion beams. The iterative algorithm, coded in C++ and running on Unix/Linux platform, allows the determination of the best fluences of the individual beams to obtain an optimal physical dose distribution, delivering a maximum dose to the target volume and a minimum dose to critical structures. The TPS is supported by Monte Carlo simulations with the package GEANT3 to provide the necessary physical lookup tables and verify the optimized treatment plans. Dose verifications done by means of full Monte Carlo simulations show an overall good agreement with the treatment planning calculations. We stress the fact that the purpose of this work is the verification of the physical dose and a next work will be dedicated to the radiobiological evaluation of the equivalent biological dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bourhaleb
- Department of Experimental Physics, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; TERA Foundation, Novara, Italy.
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Torikoshi M, Minohara S, Kanematsu N, Komori M, Kanazawa M, Noda K, Miyahara N, Itoh H, Endo M, Kanai T. Irradiation System for HIMAC. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48 Suppl A:A15-25. [PMID: 17513897 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.48.a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials of carbon radiotherapy started at HIMAC in 1994 using three treatment rooms and four beam ports, two horizontal and two vertical. The broad beam method was adopted to make a three-dimensionally uniform field at an isocenter. A spot beam extracted from an accelerator was laterally spread out by using a pair of wobbler magnets and a scatterer. A bar ridge filter modulated the beam energy to obtain the spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). The SOBP was designed to be flat in terms of the biological dose based on the consideration that the field consisted of various beams with different LET. Finally, the field of 20 cm in diameter with +/- 2.5% uniformity was formed at the isocenter. The width of the maximum SOBP was 15 cm. When treating the lung or liver, organs that move due to breathing, the beam was irradiated only during the expiration period in a respiration-gated irradiation method. This reduced the treatment margin of the moving target. In order to prevent normal tissues adjacent to the target volume from irradiation by an unwanted dose, a layer-stacking method was developed. In this method, thin SOBP layers which have different ranges were piled up step by step from the distal end to the entrance of the target volume. At the same time, a multi-leaf collimator was used to change the aperture shape to match the shape of each layer to the cross-sectional shape of the target. This method has been applied to rather large volume cancers including bone and soft-tissue cancers. Only a few serious problems in the irradiation systems have been encountered since the beginning of the clinical trials. Overall the systems have been working stably and reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Torikoshi
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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