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Mao Z, Zhao L, Huang S, Jin T, Fan Y, Lee APW. Complete region of interest reconstruction by fusing multiview deformable three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography images. Med Phys 2023; 50:61-73. [PMID: 35924929 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) has been increasingly used for assessing cardiac anatomy and function, it still suffers from a limited field of view (FoV) of the ultrasound transducer. Therefore, it is difficult to examine a complete region of interest without moving the transducer. Existing methods extend the FoV of 3D TEE images by mosaicing multiview static images, which requires synchronization between 3D TEE images and electrocardiogram (ECG) signal to avoid deformations in the images and can only get the widened image at a specific phase. PURPOSE This work aims to develop a novel multiview nonrigid registration and fusion method to extend the FoV of 3D TEE images at different cardiac phases, avoiding the bias toward the specifically chosen phase. METHODS A multiview nonrigid registration and fusion method is proposed to enlarge the FoV of 3D TEE images by fusing dynamic images captured from different viewpoints sequentially. The deformation field for registering images is defined by a collection of affine transformations organized in a graph structure and is estimated by a direct (intensity-based) method. The accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing it with two B-spline-based methods, two Demons-based methods, and one learning-based method VoxelMorph. Twenty-nine sequences of in vivo 3D TEE images captured from four patients are used for the comparative experiments. Four performance metrics including checkerboard volumes, signed distance, mean absolute distance (MAD), and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) are used jointly to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Additionally, paired t-tests are performed to examine the significance of the results. RESULTS The qualitative results show that the proposed method can align images more accurately and obtain the fused images with higher quality than the other five methods. Additionally, in the evaluation of the segmented left atrium (LA) walls for the pairwise registration and sequential fusion experiments, the proposed method achieves the MAD of (0.07 ± 0.03) mm for pairwise registration and (0.19 ± 0.02) mm for sequential fusion. Paired t-tests indicate that the results obtained from the proposed method are more accurate than those obtained by the state-of-the-art VoxelMorph and the diffeomorphic Demons methods at the significance level of 0.05. In the evaluation of left ventricle (LV) segmentations for the sequential fusion experiments, the proposed method achieves a DSC of (0.88 ± 0.08), which is also significantly better than diffeomorphic Demons at the 0.05 level. The FoVs of the final fused 3D TEE images obtained by our method are enlarged around two times compared with the original images. CONCLUSIONS Without selecting the static (ECG-gated) images from the same cardiac phase, this work addressed the problem of limited FoV of 3D TEE images in the deformable scenario, obtaining the fused images with high accuracy and good quality. The proposed method could provide an alternative to the conventional fusion methods that are biased toward the specifically chosen phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehua Mao
- Robotics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liang Zhao
- Robotics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shoudong Huang
- Robotics Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tongxing Jin
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, China
| | - Yiting Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex Pui-Wai Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital and Laboratory of Cardiac Imaging and 3D Printing, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wheatley M, De Deene Y. A novel anthropomorphic breathing phantom with a pneumatic MR-safe actuator for tissue deformation studies during MRI and radiotherapy. Phys Med 2022; 104:43-55. [PMID: 36368090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel MR-safe anthropomorphic torso phantom with an MR-conditional pneumatic respiration system and inflatable lungs for tissue deformation studies is proposed. The phantom consists of a pair of lungs made from sponges encased in flexible polyurethane. The lung phantom also contains a set of silicone tubes of various diameters to mimic the larger vasculature and airways of the lungs. The lungs are surrounded by a plastic ribcage and immersed in a gelatine hydrogel within a flexible polyurethane skin. A plastic pneumatic pump system was constructed to inflate and deflate the lungs. A fibre optic rotary encoder was constructed to determine the volume of displaced air in the lungs. The pneumatic pump and rotary encoder were constructed of plastic materials to allow placement within the bore of the MR scanner with minimal interaction with the magnetic field. Breath-gated scans and rapid imaging scans (2.5 s per image) were taken of the phantom in the stationary state and during inflation/deflation, and with Cartesian and BLADE k-space sampling. It was found that BLADE shows the least motion artifacts during breathing. This phantom and respiration system shows potential for quality assurance of MRI incorporating breathing corrections and for radiotherapy applications in tracking a moving target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wheatley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yves De Deene
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Tajik M, Akhlaqi MM, Gholami S. Advances in anthropomorphic thorax phantoms for radiotherapy: a review. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34736235 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A phantom is a highly specialized device, which mimic human body, or a part of it. There are three categories of phantoms: physical phantoms, physiological phantoms, and computational phantoms. The phantoms have been utilized in medical imaging and radiotherapy for numerous applications. In radiotherapy, the phantoms may be used for various applications such as quality assurance (QA), dosimetry, end-to-end testing, etc. In thoracic radiotherapy, unique QA problems including tumor motion, thorax deformation, and heterogeneities in the beam path have complicated the delivery of dose to both tumor and organ at risks (OARs). Also, respiratory motion is a major challenge in radiotherapy of thoracic malignancies, which can be resulted in the discrepancies between the planned and delivered doses to cancerous tissue. Hence, the overall treatment procedure needs to be verified. Anthropomorphic thorax phantoms, which are made of human tissue-mimicking materials, can be utilized to obtain the ground truth to validate these processes. Accordingly, research into new anthropomorphic thorax phantoms has accelerated. Therefore, the review is intended to summarize the current status of the commercially available and in-house-built anthropomorphic physical/physiological thorax phantoms in radiotherapy. The main focus is on anthropomorphic, deformable thorax motion phantoms. This review also discusses the applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for the fabrication of thorax phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Tajik
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Tehran district 6 poursina st Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Mohsen Akhlaqi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran,Tehran,Shahid Bahonar roundabout, Darabad Avenue,Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Somayeh Gholami
- Radiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Bolvarekeshavarz AVN, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Lee JS, Kang YN, Koo JC. A built-up-type deformable phantom for target motion control to mimic human lung respiration. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:054106. [PMID: 32486717 DOI: 10.1063/5.0003453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Existing human lung-mimicking requirements in various radiology application fields have led to the development of many different phantoms. However, most are static apparatus designed for equipment calibration. Although there are a few dynamic phantoms that generate predefined motions, they have complicated mechanisms that hamper even simple modifications for various lung illness simulations. As a result, existing dynamic phantoms in which a target can be embedded normally generate rectilinear target motions with limited displacement. Nevertheless, volume changes in the human lungs during normal respiration are significant, and targets inside the lungs move along various random paths depending on their location, stiffness, and the properties of the surrounding tissues. In the present work, a novel phantom design is introduced and tested. The phantom mimics the human lung motion and its deformation is initiated by a diaphragm movement. The phantom provides a fairly large deformation and the capability to adjust target motion paths. The presented device has a simple mechanism that can be easily modified to generate various pulmonary diseases. To produce a large deformation by diaphragm compressive motion, polyurethane cubic blocks constitute the deformable part of the lung phantom and a tumor made with silicone is inserted in the structure. The assembled lung part is housed within an acrylic case that is filled with water. The phantom system consists of acrylic, plastic, and low-density polyurethane to minimize artifacts when it undergoes computed tomography (CT) scans. The lung part is organized with various density polyurethane blocks, making it possible to produce nonlinear motion paths of the tumor. The lung part is deformed by a silicon film that is driven by external hydraulic pressure. A finite element method simulation and two-dimensional target motion tests were performed to verify phantom performance. The functionality of the proposed phantom system was confirmed in a series of CT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hae Jin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yung-Nam Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Ja Choon Koo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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Tian Y, Miao J, Liu Z, Huang P, Wang W, Wang X, Zhai Y, Wang J, Li M, Ma P, Zhang K, Yan H, Dai J. Availability of a simplified lung ventilation imaging algorithm based on four-dimensional computed tomography. Phys Med 2019; 65:53-58. [PMID: 31430587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is still not conclusive which four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT)-based ventilation imaging algorithm is most accurate and efficient. In this study, we proposed a simplified algorithm (VIAAVG) which only requires the average computed tomography (AVG CT) as input, and quantitatively compared its accuracy and efficiency with three other popular algorithms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty patients with lung or esophageal cancer who underwent radiotherapy were enrolled. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) ventilation images (VI-SPECT) and 4DCT were acquired 1-3 days before the first treatment session. The end of exhalation and the end of inhalation CT were registered to derive deformable vector field (DVF) using MIMvista. 4DCT-based ventilation images (CTVI) were first calculated respectively by means of four algorithms (VIAJAC, VIAHU, VIAPRO and VIAAVG). The computation times were compared using paired t-test. The corresponding CTVIs (CTVIJAC, CTVIHU, CTVIPRO and CTVIAVG) and VI-SPECT were segmented into three equal sub-volumes (high, medium and low function lung, respectively) after smoothing and normalization. The Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSCs) were calculated for each sub-volume between each CTVI and VI-SPECT. The average DSCs for high, medium and low function lung in different CTVIs for each patient were compared using paired t-test. RESULTS The mean DSCs for CTVIJAC, CTVIHU, CTVIPRO and CTVIAVG were 0.3255, 0.4465, 0.5865 and 0.5958, respectively. The average computation times for CTVIJAC, CTVIHU, CTVIPRO and CTVIAVG were 18.3 s, 24.2 s, 144.8 s and 15.0 s. CONCLUSION VIAAVG is available for clinical use because of its high accuracy, improved efficiency and less input requirement compared to the other algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Junjie Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yirui Zhai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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Trnková P, Knäusl B, Actis O, Bert C, Biegun AK, Boehlen TT, Furtado H, McClelland J, Mori S, Rinaldi I, Rucinski A, Knopf AC. Clinical implementations of 4D pencil beam scanned particle therapy: Report on the 4D treatment planning workshop 2016 and 2017. Phys Med 2018; 54:121-130. [PMID: 30337001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016 and 2017, the 8th and 9th 4D treatment planning workshop took place in Groningen (the Netherlands) and Vienna (Austria), respectively. This annual workshop brings together international experts to discuss research, advances in clinical implementation as well as problems and challenges in 4D treatment planning, mainly in spot scanned proton therapy. In the last two years several aspects like treatment planning, beam delivery, Monte Carlo simulations, motion modeling and monitoring, QA phantoms as well as 4D imaging were thoroughly discussed. This report provides an overview of discussed topics, recent findings and literature review from the last two years. Its main focus is to highlight translation of 4D research into clinical practice and to discuss remaining challenges and pitfalls that still need to be addressed and to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Trnková
- HollandPTC, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 5201, 3008 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Knäusl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna, Austria
| | - Oxana Actis
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Aleksandra K Biegun
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Till T Boehlen
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Furtado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna, Austria
| | - Jamie McClelland
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Dept. Medical Physics and Biomedical, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences for Charged Particle Therapy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ilaria Rinaldi
- Lyon 1 University and CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; MAASTRO Clinic, P.O. Box 3035, 6202 NA Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Antje C Knopf
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Giordanengo S, Manganaro L, Vignati A. Review of technologies and procedures of clinical dosimetry for scanned ion beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2017; 43:79-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Kostiukhina N, Georg D, Rollet S, Kuess P, Sipaj A, Andrzejewski P, Furtado H, Rausch I, Lechner W, Steiner E, Kertész H, Knäusl B. Advanced Radiation DOSimetry phantom (ARDOS): a versatile breathing phantom for 4D radiation therapy and medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:8136-8153. [PMID: 28817381 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa86ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel breathing phantom was designed for being used in conventional and ion-beam radiotherapy as well as for medical imaging. Accurate dose delivery and patient safety are aimed to be verified for four-dimensional (4D) treatment techniques compensating for breathing-induced tumor motion. The phantom includes anthropomorphic components representing an average human thorax. It consists of real tissue equivalent materials to fulfill the requirements for dosimetric experiments and imaging purposes. The different parts of the torso (lungs, chest wall, and ribs) and the tumor can move independently. Simple regular movements, as well as more advanced patient-specific breathing cycles are feasible while a reproducible setup can be guaranteed. The phantom provides the flexibility to use different types of dosimetric devices and was designed in a way that it is robust, transportable and easy to handle. Tolerance levels and the reliability of the phantom setup were determined in combination with tests on motion accuracy and reproducibility by using infrared optical tracking technology. Different imaging was performed including positron emission tomography imaging, 4D computed tomography as well as real-time in-room imaging. The initial dosimetric benchmarking studies were performed in a photon beam where dose parameters are predictable and the dosimetric procedures well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kostiukhina
- Division Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Health & Environment Department, Biomedical Systems, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Teske H, Bartelheimer K, Meis J, Bendl R, Stoiber EM, Giske K. Construction of a biomechanical head and neck motion model as a guide to evaluation of deformable image registration. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:N271-N284. [PMID: 28350540 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa69b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of deformable image registration methods in the context of adaptive radiotherapy leads to uncertainties in the simulation of the administered dose distributions during the treatment course. Evaluation of these methods is a prerequisite to decide if a plan adaptation will improve the individual treatment. Current approaches using manual references limit the validity of evaluation, especially for low-contrast regions. In particular, for the head and neck region, the highly flexible anatomy and low soft tissue contrast in control images pose a challenge to image registration and its evaluation. Biomechanical models promise to overcome this issue by providing anthropomorphic motion modelling of the patient. We introduce a novel biomechanical motion model for the generation and sampling of different postures of the head and neck anatomy. Motion propagation behaviour of the individual bones is defined by an underlying kinematic model. This model interconnects the bones by joints and thus is capable of providing a wide range of motion. Triggered by the motion of the individual bones, soft tissue deformation is described by an extended heterogeneous tissue model based on the chainmail approach. This extension, for the first time, allows the propagation of decaying rotations within soft tissue without the necessity for explicit tissue segmentation. Overall motion simulation and sampling of deformed CT scans including a basic noise model is achieved within 30 s. The proposed biomechanical motion model for the head and neck site generates displacement vector fields on a voxel basis, approximating arbitrary anthropomorphic postures of the patient. It was developed with the intention of providing input data for the evaluation of deformable image registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Teske
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
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