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Thompson SE, Coughlin JL, Hoffman K, Mullally F, Christiansen JL, Burke CJ, Bryson S, Batalha N, Haas MR, Catanzarite J, Rowe JF, Barentsen G, Caldwell DA, Clarke BD, Jenkins JM, Li J, Latham DW, Lissauer JJ, Mathur S, Morris RL, Seader SE, Smith JC, Klaus TC, Twicken JD, Van Cleve JE, Wohler B, Akeson R, Ciardi DR, Cochran WD, Henze CE, Howell SB, Huber D, Prša A, Ramírez SV, Morton TD, Barclay T, Campbell JR, Chaplin WJ, Charbonneau D, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Dotson JL, Doyle L, Dunham EW, Dupree AK, Ford EB, Geary JC, Girouard FR, Isaacson H, Kjeldsen H, Quintana EV, Ragozzine D, Shporer A, Aguirre VS, Steffen JH, Still M, Tenenbaum P, Welsh WF, Wolfgang A, Zamudio KA, Koch DG, Borucki WJ. PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY Kepler. VIII. A FULLY AUTOMATED CATALOG WITH MEASURED COMPLETENESS AND RELIABILITY BASED ON DATA RELEASE 25. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2018; 235:38. [PMID: 32908325 PMCID: PMC7477822 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aab4f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present the Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) catalog of transiting exoplanets based on searching four years of Kepler time series photometry (Data Release 25, Q1-Q17). The catalog contains 8054 KOIs of which 4034 are planet candidates with periods between 0.25 and 632 days. Of these candidates, 219 are new in this catalog and include two new candidates in multi-planet systems (KOI-82.06 and KOI-2926.05), and ten new high-reliability, terrestrial-size, habitable zone candidates. This catalog was created using a tool called the Robovetter which automatically vets the DR25 Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs) found by the Kepler Pipeline (Twicken et al. 2016). Because of this automation, we were also able to vet simulated data sets and therefore measure how well the Robovetter separates those TCEs caused by noise from those caused by low signal-to-noise transits. Because of these measurements we fully expect that this catalog can be used to accurately calculate the frequency of planets out to Kepler's detection limit, which includes temperate, super-Earth size planets around GK dwarf stars in our Galaxy. This paper discusses the Robovetter and the metrics it uses to decide which TCEs are called planet candidates in the DR25 KOI catalog. We also discuss the simulated transits, simulated systematic noise, and simulated astrophysical false positives created in order to characterize the properties of the final catalog. For orbital periods less than 100 d the Robovetter completeness (the fraction of simulated transits that are determined to be planet candidates) across all observed stars is greater than 85%. For the same period range, the catalog reliability (the fraction of candidates that are not due to instrumental or stellar noise) is greater than 98%. However, for low signal-to-noise candidates found between 200 and 500 days, our measurements indicate that the Robovetter is 73.5% complete and 37.2% reliable across all searched stars (or 76.7% complete and 50.5% reliable when considering just the FGK dwarf stars). We describe how the measured completeness and reliability varies with period, signal-to-noise, number of transits, and stellar type. Also, we discuss a value called the disposition score which provides an easy way to select a more reliable, albeit less complete, sample of candidates. The entire KOI catalog, the transit fits using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, and all of the simulated data used to characterize this catalog are available at the NASA Exoplanet Archive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Thompson
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey L. Coughlin
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Kelsey Hoffman
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Fergal Mullally
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Orbital Insight, 100 W Evelyn Ave #110, Mountain View, CA 94041
| | | | - Christopher J. Burke
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 37-241, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steve Bryson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Catanzarite
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Jason F. Rowe
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College St., Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Geert Barentsen
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 625 2nd St., Ste 209, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
| | - Douglas A. Caldwell
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Bruce D. Clarke
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Jie Li
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - David W. Latham
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Savita Mathur
- Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Robert L. Morris
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Shawn E. Seader
- Rincon Research Corporation,101 N Wilmot Rd, Tucson, AZ 85711
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Todd C. Klaus
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Joseph D. Twicken
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Bill Wohler
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Rachel Akeson
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - David R. Ciardi
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William D. Cochran
- McDonald Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | | | | | - Daniel Huber
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrej Prša
- Villanova University, Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova PA 19085
| | - Solange V. Ramírez
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Timothy D. Morton
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Barclay
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Jennifer R. Campbell
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KRBwyle, 2400 Nasa Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - William J. Chaplin
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Charbonneau
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Laurance Doyle
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Institute for the Metaphysics of Physics, Principia College, One Maybeck Place, Elsah, Illinois 62028
| | | | - Andrea K. Dupree
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric B. Ford
- Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Astrostatistics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - John C. Geary
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Forrest R. Girouard
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Orbital Sciences Corporation, 2401 East El Segundo Boulevard, Suite 200, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA
| | | | - Hans Kjeldsen
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Elisa V. Quintana
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Darin Ragozzine
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Avi Shporer
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Victor Silva Aguirre
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jason H. Steffen
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Martin Still
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 625 2nd St., Ste 209, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
| | - Peter Tenenbaum
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - William F. Welsh
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1221
| | - Angie Wolfgang
- Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Khadeejah A Zamudio
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KRBwyle, 2400 Nasa Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - David G. Koch
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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15
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Domagal-Goldman SD, Wright KE, Adamala K, Arina de la Rubia L, Bond J, Dartnell LR, Goldman AD, Lynch K, Naud ME, Paulino-Lima IG, Singer K, Walther-Antonio M, Abrevaya XC, Anderson R, Arney G, Atri D, Azúa-Bustos A, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Brennecka GA, Carns R, Chopra A, Colangelo-Lillis J, Crockett CJ, DeMarines J, Frank EA, Frantz C, de la Fuente E, Galante D, Glass J, Gleeson D, Glein CR, Goldblatt C, Horak R, Horodyskyj L, Kaçar B, Kereszturi A, Knowles E, Mayeur P, McGlynn S, Miguel Y, Montgomery M, Neish C, Noack L, Rugheimer S, Stüeken EE, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Imari Walker S, Wong T. The Astrobiology Primer v2.0. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:561-653. [PMID: 27532777 PMCID: PMC5008114 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Domagal-Goldman
- 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- 2 Virtual Planetary Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- 3 University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado, USA
- 4 Present address: UK Space Agency, UK
| | - Katarzyna Adamala
- 5 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jade Bond
- 7 Department of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kennda Lynch
- 10 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Naud
- 11 Institute for research on exoplanets (iREx) , Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ivan G Paulino-Lima
- 12 Universities Space Research Association , Mountain View, California, USA
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- 14 Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ximena C Abrevaya
- 16 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE) , UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rika Anderson
- 17 Department of Biology, Carleton College , Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giada Arney
- 18 University of Washington Astronomy Department and Astrobiology Program , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dimitra Atri
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Bowman
- 19 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Regina Carns
- 22 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya Chopra
- 23 Planetary Science Institute, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jesse Colangelo-Lillis
- 24 Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University , and the McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Julia DeMarines
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carie Frantz
- 27 Department of Geosciences, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah, USA
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente
- 28 IAM-Departamento de Fisica, CUCEI , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Douglas Galante
- 29 Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Glass
- 30 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | | | | | - Colin Goldblatt
- 33 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Rachel Horak
- 34 American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Betül Kaçar
- 36 Harvard University , Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- 37 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Knowles
- 38 Johnson & Wales University , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Mayeur
- 39 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shawn McGlynn
- 40 Earth Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamila Miguel
- 41 Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR 7293, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Neish
- 43 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Lena Noack
- 44 Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- 45 Department of Astronomy, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 46 University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- 47 University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 48 University of California , Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Sara Imari Walker
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 50 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Wong
- 51 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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