Precise measurement of the vertical muon spectrum in the range 20-500 GeV/c

Muon geotomography: selected case studies

Muon attenuation in matter can be used to infer the average material density along the path length of muons underground. By mapping the intensity of cosmic ray muons with an underground sensor, a radiographic image of the overburden above the sensor can be derived. Multiple such images can be combined to reconstruct a three-dimensional density model of the subsurface. This article summarizes selected case studies in applying muon tomography to mineral exploration, which we call muon geotomography.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Cosmic-ray muography'.

Radiography with cosmic-ray and compact accelerator muons; Exploring inner-structure of large-scale objects and landforms

Cosmic-ray muons (CRM) arriving from the sky on the surface of the earth are now known to be used as radiography purposes to explore the inner-structure of large-scale objects and landforms, ranging in thickness from meter to kilometers scale, such as volcanic mountains, blast furnaces, nuclear reactors etc. At the same time, by using muons produced by compact accelerators (CAM), advanced radiography can be realized for objects with a thickness in the sub-millimeter to meter range, with additional exploration capability such as element identification and bio-chemical analysis. In the present report, principles, methods and specific research examples of CRM transmission radiography are summarized after which, principles, methods and perspective views of the future CAM radiography are described.