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Sui M, Liu S, Wang P, Zou N, Dong Q, Zhou M, Niu S, Yue L, Zhao Z, Guo L, Liu B, Liu R, Xu Y, Yao Z, Liu B. High-pressure synthesis of fully sp 2-hybridized polymeric nitrogen layer in potassium supernitride. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00412-7. [PMID: 37438156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Searching for fully sp2-hybridized layered structures is of fundamental importance because of their fascinating physical properties and potential to host topologically non-trivial electronic states. However, the synthesis of fully sp2-hybridized layered polymeric nitrogen structures remains a challenging work because of their low stability. Here, we report the synthesis of a fully sp2-hybridized layered polymeric nitrogen structure featuring fused 18-membered rings in potassium supernitride (K2N16) under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Bader charge analysis reveals that the potassium atomic layer stabilizes the unique sp2-hybridized polymeric nitrogen layers through the charge transfer effect in K2N16. The calculation of electronic structure indicates that K2N16 is a topological semimetal with multiple Dirac points and hosts higher-order Dirac fermions with cubic dispersion, which are contributed by the sp2-hybridized polymeric nitrogen layers arranged in P6/mcc symmetry. The high-pressure synthesis of the fully sp2-hybridized polymeric nitrogen layered structure provides promising prospects for exploring novel topological materials with effective stabilization routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Nianlong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Institute for High Pressure, Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shifeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Hall Effect Anisotropy in the Paramagnetic Phase of Ho 0.8Lu 0.2B 12 Induced by Dynamic Charge Stripes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020676. [PMID: 36677734 PMCID: PMC9863903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed study of charge transport in the paramagnetic phase of the cage-cluster dodecaboride Ho0.8Lu0.2B12 with an instability both of the fcc lattice (cooperative Jahn−Teller effect) and the electronic structure (dynamic charge stripes) was carried out at temperatures 1.9−300 K in magnetic fields up to 80 kOe. Four mono-domain single crystals of Ho0.8Lu0.2B12 samples with different crystal axis orientation were investigated in order to establish the singularities of Hall effect, which develop due to (i) the electronic phase separation (stripes) and (ii) formation of the disordered cage-glass state below T*~60 K. It was demonstrated that a considerable intrinsic anisotropic positive component ρanxy appears at low temperatures in addition to the ordinary negative Hall resistivity contribution in magnetic fields above 40 kOe applied along the [001] and [110] axes. A relation between anomalous components of the resistivity tensor ρanxy~ρanxx1.7 was found for H||[001] below T*~60 K, and a power law ρanxy~ρanxx0.83 for the orientation H||[110] at temperatures T < TS~15 K. It is argued that below characteristic temperature TS~15 K the anomalous odd ρanxy(T) and even ρanxx(T) parts of the resistivity tensor may be interpreted in terms of formation of long chains in the filamentary structure of fluctuating charges (stripes). We assume that these ρanxy(H||[001]) and ρanxy(H||[110]) components represent the intrinsic (Berry phase contribution) and extrinsic (skew scattering) mechanism, respectively. Apart from them, an additional ferromagnetic contribution to both isotropic and anisotropic components in the Hall signal was registered and attributed to the effect of magnetic polarization of 5d states (ferromagnetic nano-domains) in the conduction band of Ho0.8Lu0.2B12.
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Zhukova E, Melentyev A, Gorshunov B, Muratov A, Aleshchenko Y, Azarevich A, Krasikov K, Shitsevalova N, Filipov V, Sluchanko N. Low-temperature infrared spectroscopy of the strongly correlated semiconductor Tm 0.19Yb 0.81B 12with dynamic charge stripes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:465603. [PMID: 36103871 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tm1-xYbxB12dodecaborides represent model objects for the studies of quantum critical behavior, metal-insulator transitions (MITs) and complex charge-spin-orbital-phonon coupling phenomena. In spite of intensive investigations, the mechanism of semiconducting ground state formation both in YbB12and in the Yb-based strongly correlated electron systems remains a subject of active debates. We have performed first systematic measurements of temperature-dependent spectra of infrared conductivity of Tm0.19Yb81B12at frequencies 40-35 000 cm-1and in the temperature range 10-300 K. Analysis of the temperature evolution of the observed absorption resonances is performed allowing to associate these with the cooperative dynamic Jahn-Teller instability of the boron sub-lattice. This ferrodistortive effect of B12-complexes induces the rattling modes of the rare earth ions leading to emergence of both the intra-gap mixed-type collective excitations and the dynamic charge stripes. We estimate the temperature-dependent effective mass of charge carriers and propose the scenario of transformation of the many-body states in the multiple relaxation channels. We attribute the MIT to the localization of electrons at the vibrationally coupled Yb-Yb pairs, which is accompanied by the electronic phase separation and formation of the nanoscale filamentary structure of electron density (stripes) in Tm1-xYbxB12compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zhukova
- Laboratory of Terahertz Spectroscopy, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Aleksander Melentyev
- Laboratory of Terahertz Spectroscopy, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Boris Gorshunov
- Laboratory of Terahertz Spectroscopy, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey Muratov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurii Aleshchenko
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Azarevich
- Laboratory of Terahertz Spectroscopy, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill Krasikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalya Shitsevalova
- Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Filipov
- Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Nikolay Sluchanko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Bhaskar G, Gvozdetskyi V, Carnahan SL, Wang R, Mantravadi A, Wu X, Ribeiro RA, Huang W, Rossini AJ, Ho KM, Canfield PC, Lebedev OI, Zaikina JV. Path Less Traveled: A Contemporary Twist on Synthesis and Traditional Structure Solution of Metastable LiNi 12B 8. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:614-625. [PMID: 36124003 PMCID: PMC9480833 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Bhaskar
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - Scott L. Carnahan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Renhai Wang
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Xun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Raquel A. Ribeiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kai-Ming Ho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Paul C. Canfield
- Ames Laboratory, US DOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Oleg I. Lebedev
- Laboratoire CRISMAT, ENSICAEN, CNRS UMR 650814050, Caen 14050, France
| | - Julia V. Zaikina
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Insight into the Crystal Structures and Physical Properties of the Uranium Borides UB1.78±0.02, UB3.61±0.041 and UB11.19±0.13. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we reported the synthesis of three polycrystalline uranium borides UB1.78±0.02, UB3.61±0.041, and UB11.19±0.13 and their analyses using chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, SQUID magnetometry, solid-state NMR, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. We discuss the effects of stoichiometry deviations on the lattice parameters and magnetic properties. We also provide their static and MAS-NMR spectra showing the effects of the 5f-electrons on the 11B shifts. Finally, the FTIR measurements showed the presence of a local disorder.
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Meng X, Singh A, Juneja R, Zhang Y, Tian F, Ren Z, Singh AK, Shi L, Lin JF, Wang Y. Pressure-Dependent Behavior of Defect-Modulated Band Structure in Boron Arsenide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001942. [PMID: 33015896 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent observation of unusually high thermal conductivity exceeding 1000 W m-1 K-1 in single-crystal boron arsenide (BAs) has led to interest in the potential application of this semiconductor for thermal management. Although both the electron/hole high mobilities have been calculated for BAs, there is a lack of experimental investigation of its electronic properties. Here, a photoluminescence (PL) measurement of single-crystal BAs at different temperatures and pressures is reported. The measurements reveal an indirect bandgap and two donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination transitions. Based on first-principles calculations and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry results, the two DAP transitions are confirmed to originate from Si and C impurities occupying shallow energy levels in the bandgap. High-pressure PL spectra show that the donor level with respect to the conduction band minimum shrinks with increasing pressure, which affects the release of free carriers from defect states. These findings suggest the possibility of strain engineering of the transport properties of BAs for application in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghai Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Akash Singh
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rinkle Juneja
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yanyao Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhifeng Ren
- Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Abhishek K Singh
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jung-Fu Lin
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yaguo Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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7
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Sartinska L, Chkhartishvili L, Voynich E, Eren T, Frolov G, Altay E, Murusidze I, Tsagareishvili O, Gabunia D, Maisuradze N. Effect of concentrated light on morphology and vibrational properties of boron and tantalum mixtures. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00585. [PMID: 29862348 PMCID: PMC5968138 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heating a mixture of boron (impurities: carbon ∼ B50C2, boric acid - H3BO3) and tantalum (Ta) powders in nitrogen flow in a xenon high-flux optical furnace was performed. As-received powder composed of h-BN, H3BO3, TaB2, B9H11 and a number of other phases including β-rhombohedral boron, apparently, heavily doped with Ta. FT-IR examination of any sample of the material reveals the complicated vibration spectrum containing, in particular, an absorption band near 2260 cm-1. The shapes of these bands are different for samples because powders were synthesized at different temperatures. Known, that in β-rhombohedral boron lattice, there are nano-sized voids of different types, which allow an accommodation of single atoms or small groups of atoms. Theoretical calculations performed by the method of quasi-classical type yields the same value, 2260 cm-1, for the vibrations frequency of Ta atoms in D-type crystallographic voids in β-rhombohedral boron lattice. Since, Ta atoms are known to prefer accommodation just in D-voids the experimentally detected bands can be identified with localized vibrations of Ta atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sartinska
- Department of High-Temperature Processes & Tests of Materials for Rocket-Space Equipment, I. M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NASU, 3 Krzhyzhanovsky Str., Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Levan Chkhartishvili
- Department of Engineering Physics, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava Ave., Tbilisi, 0175, Georgia.,Laboratory for Boron-Containing & Composite Materials, F. Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy & Materials Science, 10 Mindeli Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
| | - Eugen Voynich
- Department of High-Temperature Processes & Tests of Materials for Rocket-Space Equipment, I. M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NASU, 3 Krzhyzhanovsky Str., Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Tarik Eren
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, 34220, Esenler, Turkey
| | - Gennadiy Frolov
- Department of High-Temperature Processes & Tests of Materials for Rocket-Space Equipment, I. M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NASU, 3 Krzhyzhanovsky Str., Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Esra Altay
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, 34220, Esenler, Turkey
| | - Ivane Murusidze
- Institute of Applied Physics, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave., Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Otar Tsagareishvili
- Laboratory for Boron-Containing & Composite Materials, F. Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy & Materials Science, 10 Mindeli Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
| | - Domenti Gabunia
- Laboratory for Boron-Containing & Composite Materials, F. Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy & Materials Science, 10 Mindeli Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
| | - Nodar Maisuradze
- Department of Engineering Physics, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava Ave., Tbilisi, 0175, Georgia
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Akopov G, Yeung MT, Kaner RB. Rediscovering the Crystal Chemistry of Borides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604506. [PMID: 28323358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, borides have been primarily studied as crystallographic oddities. With such a wide variety of structures (a quick survey of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database counts 1253 entries for binary boron compounds!), it is surprising that the applications of borides have been quite limited despite a great deal of fundamental research. If anything, the rich crystal chemistry found in borides could well provide the right tool for almost any application. The interplay between metals and the boron results in even more varied material's properties, many of which can be tuned via chemistry. Thus, the aim of this review is to reintroduce to the scientific community the developments in boride crystal chemistry over the past 60 years. We tie structures to material properties, and furthermore, elaborate on convenient synthetic routes toward preparing borides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Akopov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael T Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Akopov G, Sobell ZC, Yeung MT, Kaner RB. Stabilization of LnB12 (Ln = Gd, Sm, Nd, and Pr) in Zr1–xLnxB12 under Ambient Pressure. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12419-12426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Akopov
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zachary C. Sobell
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael T. Yeung
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard B. Kaner
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Akopov G, Yeung MT, Turner CL, Li RL, Kaner RB. Stabilization of HfB12 in Y1–xHfxB12 under Ambient Pressure. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5051-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Akopov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael T. Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher L. Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard B. Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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