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Li X, Zhao Y. Performance Study of Piezoelectric Injection System Based on Finite Element Simulation. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:738. [PMID: 37420970 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a performance prediction method for piezoelectric injection systems, based on finite element simulations. Two indexes representing the system performance are proposed: jetting velocity and droplet diameter. By combining Taguchi's orthogonal array method and finite element simulation (FES), a finite element model of the droplet injection process, with different parameter combinations, was established. The two performance indexes, jetting velocity and droplet diameter, were accurately predicted, and their variation with time were investigated. Finally, the accuracy of the predicted results of the FES model was verified by experiments. The errors of the predicted jetting velocity and droplet diameter were 3.02% and 2.20%, respectively. It is verified that the proposed method has better reliability and robustness than the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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2
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Choi E, An K, Kang KT. Deep-Learning-Based Microfluidic Droplet Classification for Multijet Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15576-15586. [PMID: 35315636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing, the deposition of microfluidic droplets on a specified area, has gained increasing attention from both academia and industry for its versatility and scalability for mass production. Inkjet printing productivity depends on the number of nozzles used in a multijet process. However, droplet jetting conditions can vary for each nozzle due to multiple factors, such as the surface wetting condition of the nozzle, properties of the ink, and variances in the manufacturing of the nozzle head. For these reasons, droplet jetting conditions must be continuously monitored and evaluated by skillful engineers. The present study presents a deep-learning-based method to identify the droplet jetting status of a single-jet printing process. A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based on the MobileNetV2 model was employed with optimized hyperparameters to classify the inkjet frames containing images captured with a CCD camera. By accumulating the classified class data in order by frame time, the jetting conditions could be evaluated with high accuracy. The method was also successfully demonstrated with a multijet process, with a test time of less than a second per image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsik Choi
- Digital Transformation R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsik An
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kang
- Digital Transformation R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Enhancing Droplet Quality of Edible Ink in Single and Multi-Drop Methods by Optimization the Waveform Design of DoD Inkjet Printer. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-drop method with a good droplet quality is a big challenge in inkjet technology. In this study, optimization of Drop on Demand (DoD) inkjet printer waveform design was conducted. The effectiveness of the waveform design, so-called W waveform, from previous study as a preliminary vibration for the multi-drop ejection method was investigated. The unmodified W waveform was proven not to be an effective waveform for lower viscosity of liquid, especially when compared by the standard waveform obtained from a print-head manufacturer. Edible ink with a viscosity below the optimum range for print-head specifications was employed as the operating liquid. The preliminary vibration W waveform was modified to improve the droplet quality of the edible ink. It was proven that a 40% adjusted voltage of the rear wave of the W waveform was effective as the optimum waveform design for edible ink. The droplet quality of the multi-drop ejection method for grey-scale technology was improved by optimizing the W waveform design.
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Gao C, Zhang Y, Mia S, Xing T, Chen G. Development of inkjet printing ink based on component solubility parameters and its properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang Z, Xu C, Xiong R, Chrisey DB, Huang Y. Effects of living cells on the bioink printability during laser printing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034120. [PMID: 28670353 PMCID: PMC5472480 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced forward transfer has been a promising orifice-free bioprinting technique for the direct writing of three-dimensional cellular constructs from cell-laden bioinks. In order to optimize the printing performance, the effects of living cells on the bioink printability must be carefully investigated in terms of the ability to generate well-defined jets during the jet/droplet formation process as well as well-defined printed droplets on a receiving substrate during the jet/droplet deposition process. In this study, a time-resolved imaging approach has been implemented to study the jet/droplet formation and deposition processes when printing cell-free and cell-laden bioinks under different laser fluences. It is found that the jetting behavior changes from no material transferring to well-defined jetting with or without an initial bulgy shape to jetting with a bulgy shape/pluming/splashing as the laser fluence increases. Under desirable well-defined jetting, two impingement-based deposition and printing types are identified: droplet-impingement printing and jet-impingement printing with multiple breakups. Compared with cell-free bioink printing, the transfer threshold of the cell-laden bioink is higher while the jet velocity, jet breakup length, and printed droplet size are lower, shorter, and smaller, respectively. The addition of living cells transforms the printing type from jet-impingement printing with multiple breakups to droplet-impingement printing. During the printing of cell-laden bioinks, two non-ideal jetting behaviors, a non-straight jet with a non-straight trajectory and a straight jet with a non-straight trajectory, are identified mainly due to the local nonuniformity and nonhomogeneity of cell-laden bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changxue Xu
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Ruitong Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Douglas B Chrisey
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Tsai HL, Hwang WS, Wang JK, Peng WC, Chen SH. Fabrication of Microdots Using Piezoelectric Dispensing Technique for Viscous Fluids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:7006-7016. [PMID: 28793614 PMCID: PMC5455381 DOI: 10.3390/ma8105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple microfluidic control method that uses a piezoelectric dispenser head is developed to fabricate microdots. A glycerol mixture was used as the test fluid to simulate conductive metallic solutions. The orifice diameter of the dispenser was 50 μm. Investigations were conducted at room temperature (25 °C). For each bipolar waveform, fluid was extruded in the form of a stretching liquid column, which eventually retracted into the dispenser orifice. Microdots were obtained by governing the liquid transfer process between the dispenser orifice and the target surface, where the gap was smaller than the maximum extrusion length during liquid column formation. Three fluid behaviors were observed using high-speed imaging, namely extrusion, impact on the target surface, and pinch-off of liquid ligament. For gaps of below 70 μm, some of the fluid sticking on the target surface resulted in a microdot diameter of 26 μm (about half of the orifice diameter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Lin Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, NO.1, Daxue Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
| | - Weng-Sing Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, NO.1, Daxue Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
| | - Jhih-Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, NO.1, Daxue Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chih Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, NO.1, Daxue Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Hau Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, NO.1, Daxue Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
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7
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Xu C, Zhang M, Huang Y, Ogale A, Fu J, Markwald RR. Study of droplet formation process during drop-on-demand inkjetting of living cell-laden bioink. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9130-8. [PMID: 25005170 DOI: 10.1021/la501430x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofabrication offers a great potential for the fabrication of three-dimensional living tissues and organs by precisely layer-by-layer placing various tissue spheroids as anatomically designed. Inkjet printing of living cell-laden bioink is one of the most promising technologies enabling biofabrication, and the bioink printability must be carefully examined for it to be a viable biofabrication technology. In this study, the cell-laden bioink droplet formation process has been studied in terms of the breakup time, droplet size and velocity, and satellite formation using a time-resolved imaging approach. The bioink has been prepared using fibroblasts and sodium alginate with four different cell concentrations: without cells, 1 × 10(6), 5 × 10(6), and 1 × 10(7) cells/mL to appreciate the effect of cell concentration on the droplet formation process. Furthermore, the bioink droplet formation process is compared with that during the inkjetting of a comparable polystyrene microbead-laden suspension under the identical operating conditions to understand the effect of particle physical properties on the droplet formation process. It is found that (1) as the cell concentration of bioink increases, the droplet size and velocity decrease, the formation of satellite droplets is suppressed, and the breakup time increases, and (2) compared to the hard bead-laden suspension, the bioink tends to have a less ejected fluid volume, lower droplet velocity, and longer breakup time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Zheng Y, Li S, Shi W, Yu J. Spray-coated nanoscale conductive patterns based on in situ sintered silver nanoparticle inks. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:145. [PMID: 24666992 PMCID: PMC3986943 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale patterns with high conductivity based on silver nanoparticle inks were fabricated using spray coating method. Through optimizing the solution content and spray operation, accurate nanoscale patterns consisting of silver nanoparticles with a square resistance lower than 1 Ω /cm2 were obtained. By incorporating in situ sintering to substitute the general post sintering process, the time consumption could be significantly reduced to one sixth, qualifying it for large-scale and cost-effective fabrication of printed electronics. To testify the application of spray-coated silver nanoparticle inks, an inverted polymer solar cell was also fabricated, which exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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Wu JT, Lien-Chung Hsu S, Tsai MH, Liu YF, Hwang WS. Direct ink-jet printing of silver nitrate–silver nanowire hybrid inks to fabricate silver conductive lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Singh M, Haverinen HM, Dhagat P, Jabbour GE. Inkjet printing-process and its applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:673-685. [PMID: 20217769 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this Progress Report we provide an update on recent developments in inkjet printing technology and its applications, which include organic thin-film transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, conductive structures, memory devices, sensors, and biological/pharmaceutical tasks. Various classes of materials and device types are in turn examined and an opinion is offered about the nature of the progress that has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Singh
- School of Materials, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Verkouteren RM, Verkouteren JR. Inkjet metrology: high-accuracy mass measurements of microdroplets produced by a drop-on-demand dispenser. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8577-84. [PMID: 19824716 PMCID: PMC2762308 DOI: 10.1021/ac901563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We describe gravimetric methods for measuring the mass of droplets generated by a drop-on-demand (DOD) microdispenser. Droplets are deposited, either continuously at a known frequency or as a burst of known number, into a cylinder positioned on a submicrogram balance. Mass measurements are acquired precisely by computer, and results are corrected for evaporation. Capabilities are demonstrated using isobutyl alcohol droplets. For ejection rates greater than 100 Hz, the repeatability of droplet mass measurements was 0.2%, while the combined relative standard uncertainty (u(c)) was 0.9%. When bursts of droplets were dispensed, the limit of quantitation was 72 microg (1490 droplets) with u(c) = 1.0%. Individual droplet size in a burst was evaluated by high-speed videography. Diameters were consistent from the tenth droplet onward, and the mass of an individual droplet was best estimated by the average droplet mass with a combined uncertainty of about 1%. Diameters of the first several droplets were anomalous, but their contribution was accounted for when dispensing bursts. Above the limits of quantitation, the gravimetric methods provided statistically equivalent results and permit detailed study of operational factors that influence droplet mass during dispensing, including the development of reliable microassays and standard materials using DOD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Verkouteren
- Surface and Microanalysis Research Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Hossain SMZ, Luckham RE, Smith AM, Lebert JM, Davies LM, Pelton RH, Filipe CDM, Brennan JD. Development of a Bioactive Paper Sensor for Detection of Neurotoxins Using Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing of Sol−Gel-Derived Bioinks. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5474-83. [PMID: 19492815 DOI: 10.1021/ac900660p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Zakir Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Roger E. Luckham
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Anne Marie Smith
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Julie M. Lebert
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Lauren M. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Robert H. Pelton
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - Carlos D. M. Filipe
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
| | - John D. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada, and Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7
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Luechinger NA, Athanassiou EK, Stark WJ. Graphene-stabilized copper nanoparticles as an air-stable substitute for silver and gold in low-cost ink-jet printable electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:445201. [PMID: 21832722 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/44/445201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metallic copper nanoparticles were synthesized by a bottom-up approach, and in situ coated with protective shells of graphene in order to get a metal nanopowder of high air stability and chemical inertness. Using an amphiphilic surfactant, a water-based copper nanocolloid could be prepared and successfully printed onto a polymer substrate by conventional ink-jet printing using household printers. The dried printed patterns exhibited strong metallic gloss and an electrical conductivity of >1 S cm(-1) without the need for a sintering or densification step. This conductivity currently limits use in electronics to low current application or shielding and decorative effects. The high stability of graphene-coated copper nanoparticles makes them economically a most attractive alternative to silver or gold nanocolloids, and will strongly facilitate the industrial use of metal nanocolloids in consumer goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Luechinger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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