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Pizzagalli L. First principles molecular dynamics calculations of the mechanical properties of endofullerenes containing noble gas atoms or small molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9449-9458. [PMID: 35388848 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00622g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of endofullerenes have been investigated by performing compression tests using finite temperature first principles molecular dynamics calculations. We considered various X@C60 systems, with X a single noble gas atom (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, or Xe), small molecules (H2O, CH4), or small helium clusters. In the absence of compression, it is observed that there is no or at best a negligible effect of X on the properties of C60. The compression simulations revealed several original findings. First, the influence of X on the stiffness of X@C60 can be quantified, although it is at most 12% for the studied cases. Next, both energy and contact force variations as a function of strain are demonstrated to depend on X. However, this is not the case for the yield strain and for the failure mechanism of the C60 shell. Finally, it is shown that the X@C60 compression could bring X to be in a high stress state. In the specific cases of H2O and CH4 molecules, a mechanism of stress assisted dissociation is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pizzagalli
- Institut P', CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, SP2MI, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, TSA 41123, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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Nurazzi NM, Sabaruddin FA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Rayung M, Asyraf MRM, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Ilyas RA, Abdullah N, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2186. [PMID: 34578502 PMCID: PMC8472375 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer material industry over the last few decades, resulting in a series of fascinating multifunctional composites used in fields ranging from portable electronic devices, entertainment and sports to the military, aerospace, and automotive sectors. CNTs offer good thermal and electrical properties, as well as a low density and a high Young's modulus, making them suitable nanofillers for polymer composites. As mechanical reinforcements for structural applications CNTs are unique due to their nano-dimensions and size, as well as their incredible strength. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on these novel materials, there have only been a few reviews published on their mechanical performance in polymer composites. As a result, in this review we have covered some of the key application factors as well as the mechanical properties of CNTs-reinforced polymer composites. Finally, the potential uses of CNTs hybridised with polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres such as kenaf fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, bamboo fibre, and sugar palm fibre have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
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Vijayaraghavan V, Zhang L. Effective Mechanical Properties and Thickness Determination of Boron Nitride Nanosheets Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E546. [PMID: 30029484 PMCID: PMC6071296 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research in boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) has evoked significant interest in the field of nano-electronics, nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) devices, and nanocomposites due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. Despite this, there has been no reliable data on the effective mechanical properties of BNNS, with the literature reporting a wide scatter of strength data for the same material. To address this challenge, this article presents a comprehensive analysis on the effect of vital factors which can result in variations of the effective mechanical properties of BNNS. Additionally, the article also presents the computation of the correct wall thickness of BNNS from elastic theory equations, which is an important descriptor for any research to determine the mechanical properties of BNNS. It was predicted that the correct thickness of BNNS should be 0.106 nm and the effective Young's modulus to be 2.75 TPa. It is anticipated that the findings from this study could provide valuable insights on the true mechanical properties of BNNS that could assist in the design and development of efficient BN-based NEMS devices, nanosensors, and nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Vijayaraghavan
- Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Liangchi Zhang
- Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Xiao Y, Wang C, Feng Y. Vibration of Piezoelectric ZnO-SWCNT Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6120242. [PMID: 28335370 PMCID: PMC5302703 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid nanowire (HNW) was constructed by coating a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO). The two components of the HNW interact with each other via the van der Waals (vdW) force. This paper aims to study the effect of the piezoelectricity in the ZnO layer and the inter-phase vdW interaction on the fundamental vibration of the HNWs. In doing this, a new model was developed where the two components of the HNWs were modeled as Euler beams coupled via the interphase vdW interaction. Based on the model, the dependence of the frequency on an applied electrical voltage was calculated for HNWs of different geometric sizes to reveal the voltage effect. The results were then compared with those calculated without considering the inter-phase vdW interaction. It was found that the interphase vdW interaction can substantially decrease the structural stiffness, leading to a greatly enhanced piezoelectric effect but a lower frequency for the vibration of the HNWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, Wales SA2 8EN, UK.
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, Wales SA2 8EN, UK.
| | - Yuantian Feng
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, Wales SA2 8EN, UK.
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Mirzaei M, Kiani Y. Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:511-523. [PMID: 27335742 PMCID: PMC4901544 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past five years, it has been shown that carbon nanotubes act as an exceptional reinforcement for composites. For this reason, a large number of investigations have been devoted to analysis of fundamental, structural behavior of solid structures made of carbon-nanotube-reinforced composites (CNTRC). The present research, as an extension of the available works on the vibration analysis of CNTRC structures, examines the free vibration characteristics of plates containing a cutout that are reinforced with uniform or nonuniform distribution of carbon nanotubes. The first-order shear deformation plate theory is used to estimate the kinematics of the plate. The solution method is based on the Ritz method with Chebyshev basis polynomials. Such a solution method is suitable for arbitrary in-plane and out-of-plane boundary conditions of the plate. It is shown that through a functionally graded distribution of carbon nanotubes across the thickness of the plate, the fundamental frequency of a rectangular plate with or without a cutout may be enhanced. Furthermore, the frequencies are highly dependent on the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes and may be increased upon using more carbon nanotubes as reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mirzaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Yaser Kiani
- Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Refined 2D and Exact 3D Shell Models for the Free Vibration Analysis of Single- and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. TECHNOLOGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies3040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lin CW, Yang ACM. Nanoplastic Interactions of Surface-Grafted Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Glassy Polymer Chains in Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Arnold C.-M. Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Shi MX, Li QM, Huang Y. A nonlocal shell model for mode transformation in single-walled carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:455301. [PMID: 21694006 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/45/455301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A second-order strain gradient nonlocal shell model is established to study the mode transformation in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Nonlocal length is calibrated carefully for SWCNTs in reference to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations through analysis of nonlocal length effects on the frequencies of the radial breathing mode (RBM) and circumferential flexural modes (CFMs) and its effects on mode transformation. All analyses show that only a negative second-order nonlocal shell model is appropriate to SWCNTs. Nonlocal length is evidently related to vibration modes and the radius-to-thickness ratio. It is found that a nonlocal length is approximately 0.1 nm in an average sense when RBM frequency is concerned. A nonlocal length of 0.122-0.259 nm is indicated for the mode transformation in a selected group of armchair SWCNTs. 2:1 and 1:1 internal resonances are found for the same SWCNT based on different models, which implies that the internal resonance mechanism depends on the model employed. Furthermore, it is shown that an effective thickness of approximately 0.1 nm is more appropriate to SWCNTs than 0.066 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M X Shi
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Pariser Building, University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK. Department of Engineering Mechanics, College of Science, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, People's Republic of China
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Strus MC, Lahiji RR, Ares P, López V, Raman A, Reifenberger R. Strain energy and lateral friction force distributions of carbon nanotubes manipulated into shapes by atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:385709. [PMID: 19713587 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/38/385709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between local mechanical strain energy and lateral frictional forces determines the shape of carbon nanotubes on substrates. In turn, because of its nanometer-size diameter, the shape of a carbon nanotube strongly influences its local electronic, chemical, and mechanical properties. Few, if any, methods exist for resolving the strain energy and static frictional forces along the length of a deformed nanotube supported on a substrate. We present a method using nonlinear elastic rod theory in which we compute the flexural strain energy and static frictional forces along the length of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) manipulated into various shapes on a clean SiO(2) substrate. Using only high resolution atomic force microscopy images of curved single walled nanotubes, we estimate flexural strain energy distributions on the order of attojoules per nanometer and the static frictional forces between a SWCNT and SiO(2) surface to be a minimum of 230 pN nm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Strus
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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