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Ignat I, Schuster B, Hafner J, Kwon M, Platz D, Schmid U. Intermodal coupling spectroscopy of mechanical modes in microcantilevers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:123-132. [PMID: 36743298 PMCID: PMC9874237 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is highly regarded as a lens peering into the next discoveries of nanotechnology. Fundamental research in atomic interactions, molecular reactions, and biological cell behaviour are key focal points, demanding a continuous increase in resolution and sensitivity. While renowned fields such as optomechanics have marched towards outstanding signal-to-noise ratios, these improvements have yet to find a practical way to AFM. As a solution, we investigate here a mechanism in which individual mechanical eigenmodes of a microcantilever couple to one another, mimicking optomechanical techniques to reduce thermal noise. We have a look at the most commonly used modes in AFM, starting with the first two flexural modes of cantilevers and asses the impact of an amplified coupling between them. In the following, we expand our investigation to the sea of eigenmodes available in the same structure and find a maximum coupling of 9.38 × 103 Hz/nm between two torsional modes. Through such findings we aim to expand the field of multifrequency AFM with innumerable possibilities leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios, all accessible with no additional hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Ignat
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Hafner
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - MinHee Kwon
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Platz
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gußhaustraße 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Wagner P, Foster A, Yi I, Abe M, Sugimoto Y, Hoffmann-Vogel R. Role of tip apices in scanning force spectroscopy on alkali halides at room temperature-chemical nature of the tip apex and atomic-scale deformations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:035706. [PMID: 33052141 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbea8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have revealed processes of the tip apex distortion in the measurements of non-contact scanning force microscopy. High-spatial-resolution two-dimensional force mapping on KCl(100) surfaces for a large number of tips, seven tips, enabled us to see the complex behavior of the tip apex distortion. The tips are from Si without additional coating, but are altered by the tip-sample interaction and show the behavior of different atomic species. On the KCl(001) surfaces, the tip apex, consisting of K and Cl atoms or of Si, distorted several times while changing the distance even in a weak attractive region. There are variations in rigidity of the tip apex, but all tips distorted in the small attractive region. This complex behavior was categorized in patterns by our analyses. We compare the experimental force-distance data to atomistic simulations using rigid KCl-terminated tips and KCl-terminated tips with an additional KCl-pair designed to perform atomic jumps. We also compare the experimental force-distance data to first principles simulations using Si tips. We mainly find K-terminated tips and Si-terminated tips. We find that Si tips show only one force minimum whereas KCl-terminated tips show two force minima in line with the stronger rigidity of Si compared to KCl. At room temperature, the tip apex atoms can perform atomic jumps that change the atomic configuration of the tip apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wagner
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adam Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, D-55128, Germany
| | - Insook Yi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masayuki Abe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | - Regina Hoffmann-Vogel
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Klocke M, Wolf DE. Coupled molecular and cantilever dynamics model for frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:708-20. [PMID: 27335760 PMCID: PMC4901901 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics model is presented, which adds harmonic potentials to the atomic interactions to mimic the elastic properties of an AFM cantilever. It gives new insight into the correlation between the experimentally monitored frequency shift and cantilever damping due to the interaction between tip atoms and scanned surface. Applying the model to ionic crystals with rock salt structure two damping mechanisms are investigated, which occur separately or simultaneously depending on the tip position. These mechanisms are adhesion hysteresis on the one hand and lateral excitations of the cantilever on the other. We find that the short range Lennard-Jones part of the atomic interaction alone is sufficient for changing the predominant mechanism. When the long range ionic interaction is switched off, the two damping mechanisms occur with a completely different pattern, which is explained by the energy landscape for the apex atom of the tip. In this case the adhesion hysteresis is always associated with a distinct lateral displacement of the tip. It is shown how this may lead to a systematic shift between the periodic patterns obtained from the frequency and from the damping signal, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klocke
- Department of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CeNIDE, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich E Wolf
- Department of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CeNIDE, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
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Klocke M, Wolf DE. Dissipation signals due to lateral tip oscillations in FM-AFM. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2048-2057. [PMID: 25551032 PMCID: PMC4273252 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the coupling of lateral and normal tip oscillations and its effect on the imaging process of frequency-modulated dynamic atomic force microscopy. The coupling is induced by the interaction between tip and surface. Energy is transferred from the normal to the lateral excitation, which can be detected as damping of the cantilever oscillation. However, energy can be transferred back into the normal oscillation, if not dissipated by the usually uncontrolled mechanical damping of the lateral excitation. For certain cantilevers, this dissipation mechanism can lead to dissipation rates larger than 0.01 eV per period. The mechanism produces an atomic contrast for ionic crystals with two maxima per unit cell in a line scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klocke
- Department of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CeNIDE, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich E Wolf
- Department of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CeNIDE, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
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Stan G, Solares SD, Pittenger B, Erina N, Su C. Nanoscale mechanics by tomographic contact resonance atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:962-9. [PMID: 24287978 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04981g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on quantifiable depth-dependent contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) measurements over polystyrene-polypropylene (PS-PP) blends to detail surface and sub-surface features in terms of elastic modulus and mechanical dissipation. The depth-dependences of the measured parameters were analyzed to generate cross-sectional images of tomographic reconstructions. Through a suitable normalization of the measured contact stiffness and indentation depth, the depth-dependence of the contact stiffness was analyzed by linear fits to obtain the elastic moduli of the materials probed. Besides elastic moduli, the contributions of adhesive forces (short-range versus long-range) to contact on each material were determined without a priori assumptions. The adhesion analysis was complemented by an unambiguous identification of distinct viscous responses during adhesion and in-contact deformation from the dissipated power during indentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Stan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Baykara MZ, Schwendemann TC, Albers BJ, Pilet N, Mönig H, Altman EI, Schwarz UD. Exploring atomic-scale lateral forces in the attractive regime: a case study on graphite (0001). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:405703. [PMID: 22995789 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/40/405703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A non-contact atomic force microscopy-based method has been used to map the static lateral forces exerted on an atomically sharp Pt/Ir probe tip by a graphite surface. With measurements carried out at low temperatures and in the attractive regime, where the atomic sharpness of the tip can be maintained over extended time periods, the method allows the quantification and directional analysis of lateral forces with piconewton and picometer resolution as a function of both the in-plane tip position and the vertical tip-sample distance, without limitations due to a finite contact area or to stick-slip-related sudden jumps of tip apex atoms. After reviewing the measurement principle, the data obtained in this case study are utilized to illustrate the unique insight that the method offers. In particular, the local lateral forces that are expected to determine frictional resistance in the attractive regime are found to depend linearly on the normal force for small tip-sample distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Z Baykara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Baykara MZ, Dagdeviren OE, Schwendemann TC, Mönig H, Altman EI, Schwarz UD. Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:637-50. [PMID: 23019560 PMCID: PMC3458610 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) is being increasingly used to measure the interaction force between an atomically sharp probe tip and surfaces of interest, as a function of the three spatial dimensions, with picometer and piconewton accuracy. Since the results of such measurements may be affected by piezo nonlinearities, thermal and electronic drift, tip asymmetries, and elastic deformation of the tip apex, these effects need to be considered during image interpretation.In this paper, we analyze their impact on the acquired data, compare different methods to record atomic-resolution surface force fields, and determine the approaches that suffer the least from the associated artifacts. The related discussion underscores the idea that since force fields recorded by using NC-AFM always reflect the properties of both the sample and the probe tip, efforts to reduce unwanted effects of the tip on recorded data are indispensable for the extraction of detailed information about the atomic-scale properties of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Z Baykara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Omur E Dagdeviren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Todd C Schwendemann
- Physics Department, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Harry Mönig
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Physikalisches Institut at the Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eric I Altman
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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