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Jonker D, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Tiggelaar RM, van Houselt A, Gardeniers HJGE. Large Dense Periodic Arrays of Vertically Aligned Sharp Silicon Nanocones. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:100. [PMID: 36245035 PMCID: PMC9573847 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Convex cylindrical silicon nanostructures, also referred to as silicon nanocones, find their value in many applications ranging from photovoltaics to nanofluidics, nanophotonics, and nanoelectronic applications. To fabricate silicon nanocones, both bottom-up and top-down methods can be used. The top-down method presented in this work relies on pre-shaping of silicon nanowires by ion beam etching followed by self-limited thermal oxidation. The combination of pre-shaping and oxidation obtains high-density, high aspect ratio, periodic, and vertically aligned sharp single-crystalline silicon nanocones at the wafer-scale. The homogeneity of the presented nanocones is unprecedented and may give rise to applications where numerical modeling and experiments are combined without assumptions about morphology of the nanocone. The silicon nanocones are organized in a square periodic lattice, with 250 nm pitch giving arrays containing 1.6 billion structures per square centimeter. The nanocone arrays were several mm2 in size and located centimeters apart across a 100-mm-diameter single-crystalline silicon (100) substrate. For single nanocones, tip radii of curvature < 3 nm were measured. The silicon nanocones were vertically aligned, baring a height variation of < 5 nm (< 1%) for seven adjacent nanocones, whereas the height inhomogeneity is < 80 nm (< 16%) across the full wafer scale. The height inhomogeneity can be explained by inhomogeneity present in the radii of the initial columnar polymer mask. The presented method might also be applicable to silicon micro- and nanowires derived through other top-down or bottom-up methods because of the combination of ion beam etching pre-shaping and thermal oxidation sharpening. A novel method is presented where argon ion beam etching and thermal oxidation sharpening are combined to tailor a high-density single-crystalline silicon nanowire array into a vertically aligned single-crystalline silicon nanocones array with < 3 nm apex radius of curvature tips, at the wafer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Houselt
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sun X, Berenschot EJW, Veltkamp HW, Gardeniers HJGE, Tas NR. Scalable 3D Nanoparticle Trap for Electron Microscopy Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803283. [PMID: 30324725 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nanoscale pyramidal cages embedded in a silicon nitride membrane are fabricated with an order of magnitude miniaturization in the size of the cages compared to previous work. This becomes possible by combining the previously published wafer-scale corner lithography process with displacement Talbot lithography, including an additional resist etching step that allows the creation of masking dots with a size down to 50 nm, using a conventional 365 nm UV source. The resulting pyramidal cages have different entrance and exit openings, which allows trapping of nanoparticles within a predefined size range. The cages are arranged in a well-defined array, which guarantees traceability of individual particles during post-trapping analysis. Gold nanoparticles with a size of 25, 150, and 200 nm are used to demonstrate the trapping capability of the fabricated devices. The traceability of individual particles is demonstrated by transferring the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) transparent devices between scanning electron microscopy and TEM instruments and relocating a desired collection of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwu Sun
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Willem Veltkamp
- Integrated Devices and Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Malankowska M, Schlautmann S, Berenschot EJW, Tiggelaar RM, Pina MP, Mallada R, Tas NR, Gardeniers H. Three-Dimensional Fractal Geometry for Gas Permeation in Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020045. [PMID: 30393321 PMCID: PMC6187368 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel concept of a microfluidic chip with an integrated three-dimensional fractal geometry with nanopores, acting as a gas transport membrane, is presented. The method of engineering the 3D fractal structure is based on a combination of anisotropic etching of silicon and corner lithography. The permeation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the fractal membrane is measured and validated theoretically. The results show high permeation flux due to low resistance to mass transfer because of the hierarchical branched structure of the fractals, and the high number of the apertures. This approach offers an advantage of high surface to volume ratio and pores in the range of nanometers. The obtained results show that the gas permeation through the nanonozzles in the form of fractal geometry is remarkably enhanced in comparison to the commonly-used polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dense membrane. The developed chip is envisioned as an interesting alternative for gas-liquid contactors that require harsh conditions, such as microreactors or microdevices, for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Malankowska
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- NanoLab cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Pilar Pina
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Legrain A, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Abelmann L. Elasto-Capillary Folding Using Stop-Programmable Hinges Fabricated by 3D Micro-Machining. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125891. [PMID: 25992886 PMCID: PMC4437908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We show elasto-capillary folding of silicon nitride objects with accurate folding angles between flaps of (70.6 ± 0.1)° and demonstrate the feasibility of such accurate micro-assembly with a final folding angle of 90°. The folding angle is defined by stop-programmable hinges that are fabricated starting from silicon molds employing accurate three-dimensional corner lithography. This nano-patterning method exploits the conformal deposition and the subsequent timed isotropic etching of a thin film in a 3D shaped silicon template. The technique leaves a residue of the thin film in sharp concave corners which can be used as an inversion mask in subsequent steps. Hinges designed to stop the folding at 70.6° were fabricated batchwise by machining the V-grooves obtained by KOH etching in (110) silicon wafers; 90° stop-programmable hinges were obtained starting from silicon molds obtained by dry etching on (100) wafers. The presented technique has potential to achieve any folding angle and opens a new route towards creating structures with increased complexity, which will ultimately lead to a novel method for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Legrain
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Niels R. Tas
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Abelmann
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- KIST Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Zehtabi-Oskuie A, Zinck AA, Gelfand RM, Gordon R. Template stripped double nanohole in a gold film for nano-optical tweezers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:495301. [PMID: 25407447 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/49/495301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Double nanohole (DNH) laser tweezers can optically trap and manipulate objects such as proteins, nanospheres, and other nanoparticles; however, precise fabrication of those DNHs has been expensive with low throughput. In this work, template stripping was used to pattern DNHs with gaps as small as 7 nm, in optically thick Au films. These DNHs were used to trap streptavidin as proof of operation. The structures were processed multiple times from the same template to demonstrate reusability. Template stripping is a promising method for high-throughput, reproducible, and cost efficient fabrication of DNH apertures for optical trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zehtabi-Oskuie
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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