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Amekura H, Chettah A, Narumi K, Chiba A, Hirano Y, Yamada K, Yamamoto S, Leino AA, Djurabekova F, Nordlund K, Ishikawa N, Okubo N, Saitoh Y. Latent ion tracks were finally observed in diamond. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1786. [PMID: 38413643 PMCID: PMC10899563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Injecting high-energy heavy ions in the electronic stopping regime into solids can create cylindrical damage zones called latent ion tracks. Although these tracks form in many materials, none have ever been observed in diamond, even when irradiated with high-energy GeV uranium ions. Here we report the first observation of ion track formation in diamond irradiated with 2-9 MeV C60 fullerene ions. Depending on the ion energy, the mean track length (diameter) changed from 17 (3.2) nm to 52 (7.1) nm. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) indicated the amorphization in the tracks, in which π-bonding signal from graphite was detected by the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Since the melting transition is not induced in diamond at atmospheric pressure, conventional inelastic thermal spike calculations cannot be applied. Two-temperature molecular dynamics simulations succeeded in the reproduction of both the track formation under MeV C60 irradiations and the no-track formation under GeV monoatomic ion irradiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Amekura
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0003, Japan.
| | - A Chettah
- Department of Physics, LGMM laboratory, University of 20 Août 1955-Skikda, BP 26, route d'El Hadaiek-Skikda, Skikda, 21000, Algeria
| | - K Narumi
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - A Chiba
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Y Hirano
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - K Yamada
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - S Yamamoto
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - A A Leino
- Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Djurabekova
- Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Nordlund
- Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Ishikawa
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - N Okubo
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Y Saitoh
- Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki, Gumma, 370-1292, Japan
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Ishikawa N, Fukuda S, Nakajima T, Ogawa H, Fujimura Y, Taguchi T. Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks Created in Natural Zirconia Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:547. [PMID: 38591410 PMCID: PMC10856718 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Natural monoclinic zirconia (baddeleyite) was irradiated with 340 MeV Au ions, and the irradiation-induced nanostructures (i.e., ion tracks and nanohillocks) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The diameter of the nanohillocks was approximately 10 nm, which was similar to the maximum molten region size calculated using the analytical thermal spike model. Ion tracks were imaged as strained regions that maintained their crystalline structure. The cross-sections of most of the ion tracks were imaged as rectangular contrasts as large as 10 nm. These results strongly indicated that the molten region was recrystallized anisotropically, reflecting the lattice structure. Furthermore, low-density track cores were formed in the center of the ion tracks. The formation of low-density track cores can be attributed to the ejection of molten matter toward the surface. A comparison of the ion tracks in the synthetic zirconia nanoparticles and those in larger natural zirconia samples showed that the interface between the strained track contrast and the matrix was less clear in the former than in the latter. These findings suggest that the recrystallization process was affected by the size of the irradiated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norito Ishikawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shoma Fukuda
- Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Toki 509-5102, Gifu, Japan; (S.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Toru Nakajima
- Tono Geoscience Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Toki 509-5102, Gifu, Japan; (S.F.); (T.N.)
| | - Hiroaki Ogawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuki Fujimura
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.F.)
| | - Tomitsugu Taguchi
- Foundational Quantum Technology Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Takasaki 370-1292, Gunma, Japan;
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Ishikawa N, Fujimura Y, Kondo K, Szabo GL, Wilhelm RA, Ogawa H, Taguchi T. Surface nanostructures on Nb-doped SrTiO 3irradiated with swift heavy ions at grazing incidence. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:235303. [PMID: 35213855 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac58a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A single crystal of SrTiO3doped with 0.5 wt% niobium (Nb-STO) was irradiated with 200 MeV Au32+ions at grazing incidence to characterize the irradiation-induced hillock chains. Exactly the same hillock chains are observed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the relation between irradiation-induced change of surface topography and corresponding material property changes. As expected, multiple hillocks as high as 5-6 nm are imaged by AFM observation in tapping mode. It is also found that the regions in between the adjacent hillocks are not depressed, and in many cases they are slightly elevated. Line-like contrasts along the ion paths are found in both AFM phase images and SEM images, indicating the formation of continuous ion tracks in addition to multiple hillocks. Validity of preexisting models for explaining the hillock chain formation is discussed based on the present results. In order to obtain new insights related to the ion track formation, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation was performed. The ion tracks in the near-surface region are found to be relatively large, whereas buried ion tracks in the deeper region are relatively small. The results suggest that recrystallization plays an important role in the formation of small ion tracks in the deep region, whereas formation of large ion tracks in the near-surface region is likely due to the absence of recrystallization. TEM images also show shape deformation of ion tracks in the near-surface region, suggesting that material transport towards the surface is the reason for the absence of recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ishikawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Y Fujimura
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - K Kondo
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - G L Szabo
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - R A Wilhelm
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Ogawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - T Taguchi
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Nanopore Formation in CeO2 Single Crystal by Ion Irradiation: A Molecular Dynamics Study. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs5040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nanopore formation process that occurs by supplying a thermal spike to single crystal CeO2 has been simulated using a molecular dynamics method. As the initial condition, high thermal energy was supplied to the atoms in a nano-cylinder placed at the center of a fluorite structure. A nanopore was generated abruptly at around 0.3 ps after the irradiation, grew to its maximum size at 0.5 ps, shrank during the time to 1.0 ps, and finally equilibrated. The nanopore size increased with increasing effective stopping power gSe (i.e., the thermal energy deposited per unit length in the specimen), but it became saturated when gSe was 0.8 keV/nm or more. This finding will provide useful information for precise control of the size of nanopores. Our simulation confirmed nanopore formation found in the actual experiment, irradiation of CeO2 with swift heavy ions, but could not reproduce crystalline hillock formation just above the nanopores.
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Abstract
Cerium dioxide (CeO2) exhibits complex behavior when irradiated with swift heavy ions. Modifications to this material originate from the production of atomic-scale defects, which accumulate and induce changes to the microstructure, chemistry, and material properties. As such, characterizing its radiation response requires a wide range of complementary characterization techniques to elucidate the defect formation and stability over multiple length scales, such as X-ray and neutron scattering, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. In this article, recent experimental efforts are reviewed in order to holistically assess the current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding the underlying physical mechanisms that dictate the response of CeO2 and related materials to irradiation with swift heavy ions. The recent application of novel experimental techniques has provided additional insight into the structural and chemical behavior of irradiation-induced defects, from the local, atomic-scale arrangement to the long-range structure. However, future work must carefully account for the influence of experimental conditions, with respect to both sample properties (e.g., grain size and impurity content) and ion-beam parameters (e.g., ion mass and energy), to facilitate a more direct comparison of experimental results.
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Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs4040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amorphizable ceramics (LiNbO3, ZrSiO4, and Gd3Ga5O12) were irradiated with 200 MeV Au ions at an oblique incidence angle, and the as-irradiated samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ion tracks in amorphizable ceramics are confirmed to be homogenous along the ion paths. Magnified TEM images show the formation of bell-shaped hillocks. The ion track diameter and hillock diameter are similar for all the amorphizable ceramics, while there is a tendency for the hillocks to be slightly bigger than the ion tracks. For SrTiO3 (STO) and 0.5 wt% niobium-doped STO (Nb-STO), whose hillock formation has not been fully explored, 200 MeV Au ion irradiation and TEM observation were also performed. The ion track diameters in these materials are found to be markedly smaller than the hillock diameters. The ion tracks in these materials exhibit inhomogeneity, which is similar to that reported for non-amorphizable ceramics. On the other hand, the hillocks appear to be amorphous, and the amorphous feature is in contrast to the crystalline feature of hillocks observed in non-amorphizable ceramics. No marked difference is recognized between the nanostructures in STO and those in Nb-STO. The material dependence of the nanostructure formation is explained in terms of the intricate recrystallization process.
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Boyle TJ, Robinson XJ, Guerrero F, Perales D, Hubbard JA, Cramer RE. Organophosphorus-Modified Lanthanide Nitrates as Potential Actinide Oxide Aerosol Surrogates. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17149-17161. [PMID: 33231437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of suitable simulants for aerosol uranium waste products from Plutonium Uranium Redox Extraction (PUREX) process burns, a series of lanthanide nitrate hydrates ([Ln(κ2-NO3)3·nH2O]) were dissolved in the presence of tributylphosphate (O═P(O(CH2)3CH3)3) referred to as TBP) in kerosene or triphenylphosphate (O═P(O(C6H5) referred to as TPhP) in acetone. The crystal structure of the TPhP derivatives of the lanthanide nitrate series and uranium nitrate were solved as [Ln(κ2-NO3)3(TPhP)3] (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) and [U(O)2(κ2-NO3)2(TPhP)2] (U), respectively. The lanthanide-TBP, Ln, and U were further characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, 31P NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Further, thermal treatment of the lanthanide-TBP, Ln, and U using a box furnace to mimic pyrolysis conditions was found by PXRD analyses to generate a phosphate phase [LnP3O9 or UP2O7) for all systems. The resultant nuclear waste fire contaminant particulates will impact both aerosol transport and toxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Boyle
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Boulevard, SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Xavier J Robinson
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Boulevard, SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Fernando Guerrero
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Boulevard, SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Diana Perales
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Boulevard, SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Joshua A Hubbard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Box 8500-0828, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110-0828, United States
| | - Roger E Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii - Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, United States
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Ishikawa N, Taguchi T, Okubo N. Hillocks created for amorphizable and non-amorphizable ceramics irradiated with swift heavy ions: TEM study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:445708. [PMID: 29016363 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that hillocks (i.e. surface ion tracks) can be imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by irradiating thin CeO2 samples with swift heavy ions (SHI) at oblique incidence. In the present study, the same TEM method is applied to Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and three fluorides (CaF2, SrF2 and BaF2) for observing hillocks. For YIG, which is one of the amorphizable materials, hillocks are found to have amorphous features consistent with amorphous features of ion tracks. For the fluorides, it is found that the hillocks do not exhibit amorphous features, and they are composed of nanocrystallites. Although hillocks for YIG and CaF2 exhibit different crystallographic features, hillock diameter agrees with the molten region diameter predicted by the thermal spike model for both materials. It is found that for YIG the hillock diameter is comparable to the ion track diameter, whereas for the fluorides it is always larger than the ion track diameter. The present result shows the existence of the velocity effect for ion track diameter in CaF2. It is also found that for fluorides both hillock and ion track diameters vary in the order of cation mass (i.e. CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2). The above results of hillocks and ion tracks for SHI-irradiated fluorides can be consistently interpreted within the framework of the thermal spike model, if melting and successive recrystallization are assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ishikawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Dufour C, Khomrenkov V, Wang YY, Wang ZG, Aumayr F, Toulemonde M. An attempt to apply the inelastic thermal spike model to surface modifications of CaF 2 induced by highly charged ions: comparison to swift heavy ions effects and extension to some others material. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:095001. [PMID: 28129201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface damage appears on materials irradiated by highly charged ions (HCI). Since a direct link has been found between surface damage created by HCI with the one created by swift heavy ions (SHI), the inelastic thermal spike model (i-TS model) developed to explain track creation resulting from the electron excitation induced by SHI can also be applied to describe the response of materials under HCI which transfers its potential energy to electrons of the target. An experimental description of the appearance of the hillock-like nanoscale protrusions induced by SHI at the surface of CaF2 is presented in comparison with track formation in bulk which shows that the only parameter on which we can be confident is the electronic energy loss threshold. Track size and electronic energy loss threshold resulting from SHI irradiation of CaF2 is described by the i-TS model in a 2D geometry. Based on this description the i-TS model is extended to three dimensions to describe the potential threshold of appearance of protrusions by HCI in CaF2 and to other crystalline materials (LiF, crystalline SiO2, mica, LiNbO3, SrTiO3, ZnO, TiO2, HOPG). The strength of the electron-phonon coupling and the depth in which the potential energy is deposited near the surface combined with the energy necessary to melt the material defines the classification of the material sensitivity. As done for SHI, the band gap of the material may play an important role in the determination of the depth in which the potential energy is deposited. Moreover larger is the initial potential energy and larger is the depth in which it is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dufour
- CIMAP (CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Basse Normandie), BP5133, 14070 Caen Cedex 5, France
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Karlušić M, Bernstorff S, Siketić Z, Šantić B, Bogdanović-Radović I, Jakšić M, Schleberger M, Buljan M. Formation of swift heavy ion tracks on a rutile TiO 2 (001) surface. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1704-1712. [PMID: 27738417 PMCID: PMC5045731 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716013704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructuring of surfaces and two-dimensional materials using swift heavy ions offers some unique possibilities owing to the deposition of a large amount of energy localized within a nanoscale volume surrounding the ion trajectory. To fully exploit this feature, the morphology of nanostructures formed after ion impact has to be known in detail. In the present work the response of a rutile TiO2 (001) surface to grazing-incidence swift heavy ion irradiation is investigated. Surface ion tracks with the well known intermittent inner structure were successfully produced using 23 MeV I ions. Samples irradiated with different ion fluences were investigated using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. With these two complementary approaches, a detailed description of the swift heavy ion impact sites, i.e. the ion tracks on the surface, can be obtained even for the case of multiple ion track overlap. In addition to the structural investigation of surface ion tracks, the change in stoichiometry of the rutile TiO2 (001) surface during swift heavy ion irradiation was monitored using in situ time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis, and a preferential loss of oxygen was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Karlušić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Sigrid Bernstorff
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Italy
| | - Zdravko Siketić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Branko Šantić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Milko Jakšić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Marika Schleberger
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg, 47048, Germany
| | - Maja Buljan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
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