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Lii-Rosales A, Han Y, Jing D, Tringides MC, Julien S, Wan KT, Wang CZ, Lai KC, Evans JW, Thiel PA. Encapsulation of metal nanoparticles at the surface of a prototypical layered material. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1485-1506. [PMID: 33439199 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of metal nanoparticles just below the surface of a prototypical layered material, graphite, is a recently discovered phenomenon. These encapsulation architectures have potential for tuning the properties of two-dimensional or layered materials, and additional applications might exploit the properties of the encapsulated metal nanoclusters themselves. The encapsulation process produces novel surface nanostructures and can be achieved for a variety of metals. Given that these studies of near-surface intercalation are in their infancy, these systems provide a rich area for future studies. This Review presents the current progress on the encapsulation, including experimental strategies and characterization, as well as theoretical understanding which leads to the development of predictive capability. The Review closes with future opportunities where further understanding of the encapsulation is desired to exploit its applications.
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Han Y, Lii-Rosales A, Tringides MC, Evans JW. Competitive formation of intercalated versus supported metal nanoclusters during deposition on layered materials with surface point defects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:024703. [PMID: 33445910 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercalated metal nanoclusters (NCs) can be formed under the surface of graphite after sputtering to generate surface "portal" defects that allow deposited atoms to reach the subsurface gallery. However, there is a competition between formation of supported NCs on top of the surface and intercalated NCs under the surface, the latter only dominating at sufficiently high temperature. A stochastic model incorporating appropriate system thermodynamics and kinetics is developed to capture this complex and competitive nucleation and growth process. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation shows that the model captures experimental trends observed for Cu and other metals and reveals that higher temperatures are needed to facilitate detachment of atoms from supported NCs enabling them to reach the gallery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ann Lii-Rosales
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Michael C Tringides
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - James W Evans
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Li W, Huang L, Tringides MC, Evans JW, Han Y. Thermodynamic Preference for Atom Adsorption on versus Intercalation into Multilayer Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9725-9730. [PMID: 33137260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic preference of a foreign atom for adsorption on versus intercalation into a graphitic surface is of fundamental and widespread interest. From an exhaustive first-principles density functional theory investigation for 38 typical elements over the periodic table, we reveal a quasilinear correlation between the Shannon effective ionic radius and the chemical-potential difference for a single atom from adsorption to intercalation at multilayer graphene surfaces. A critical Shannon radius is found to be around 0.10 nm, below (above) which intercalation (adsorption) is more favorable for elements with ionic-like bonding after intercalation. Single atoms with van der Waals-biased bonding show some deviation from the linear relationship, while single atoms for the elements with covalent-like bonding do not favor intercalation relative to adsorption. An energy decomposition analysis indicates that the chemical-potential difference determining the thermodynamic preference of a foreign atom for adsorption versus intercalation results from the competition between the electronic and elastic strain effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Michael C Tringides
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - James W Evans
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yong Han
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Gervilla V, Zarshenas M, Sangiovanni DG, Sarakinos K. Anomalous versus Normal Room-Temperature Diffusion of Metal Adatoms on Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8930-8936. [PMID: 32986445 PMCID: PMC7649840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of high-performance heterostructure devices requires fundamental understanding of the diffusion dynamics of metal species on 2D materials. Here, we investigate the room-temperature diffusion of Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt, and Ru adatoms on graphene using ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations. We find that Ag, Au, Cu, and Pd follow Lévy walks, in which adatoms move continuously within ∼1-4 nm2 domains during ∼0.04 ns timeframes, and they occasionally perform ∼2-4 nm flights across multiple surface adsorption sites. This anomalous diffusion pattern is associated with a flat (<50 meV) potential energy landscape (PEL), which renders surface vibrations important for adatom migration. The latter is not the case for Pt and Ru, which encounter a significantly rougher PEL (>100 meV) and, hence, migrate via conventional random walks. Thus, adatom anomalous diffusion is a potentially important aspect for modeling growth of metal films and nanostructures on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gervilla
- Nanoscale
Engineering Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Zarshenas
- Nanoscale
Engineering Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Davide G. Sangiovanni
- Theoretical
Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kostas Sarakinos
- Nanoscale
Engineering Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
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Lai KC, Lii-Rosales A, Evans JW. Equilibrium shapes of facetted 3D metal nanoclusters intercalated near the surface of layered materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:445001. [PMID: 32776914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that 3D crystalline metal nanoclusters (NCs) intercalated under the surface of graphite have flat-topped equilibrated shapes. We characterize the shapes of these facetted NCs sandwiched between a blanketing graphene layer and the underlying graphite substrate. Specifically, we focus on the cases of fcc Cu and hcp Fe NCs. The analysis involves numerical minimization of the system energy for a specified NC volume and NC height, the latter corresponding to the separation between parallel top and bottom facets. Our numerical analysis quantifies how the distance of the side facet planes from center of the nanocluster varies linearly with a natural characteristic linear dimension of the nanocluster. Calculated shapes of fcc Cu and hcp Fe NCs are consistent with the hexagonal footprints observed in scanning tunneling microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- King C Lai
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Ann Lii-Rosales
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - James W Evans
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
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Lu X, Liu Y, Shao M, Liu X. Defect-mediated intercalation of dysprosium on buffer layer graphene supported by SiC(0001) substrate. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Alwis C, Leftwich TR, Mukherjee P, Denofre A, Perrine KA. Spontaneous selective deposition of iron oxide nanoparticles on graphite as model catalysts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4729-4744. [PMID: 36133117 PMCID: PMC9418714 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00472f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanomaterials participate in redox processes that give them ideal properties for their use as earth-abundant catalysts. Fabricating nanocatalysts for such applications requires detailed knowledge of the deposition and growth. We report the spontaneous deposition of iron oxide nanoparticles on HOPG in defect areas and on step edges from a metal precursor solution. To study the nucleation and growth of iron oxide nanoparticles, tailored defects were created on the surface of HOPG using various ion sources that serve as the target sites for iron oxide nucleation. After solution deposition and annealing, the iron oxide nanoparticles were found to nucleate and coalesce at 400 °C. AFM revealed that the particles on the sp3 carbon sites enabled the nanoparticles to aggregate into larger particles. The iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized as having an Fe3+ oxidation state and two different oxygen species, Fe-O and Fe-OH/Fe-OOH, as determined by XPS. STEM imaging and EDS mapping confirmed that the majority of the nanoparticles grown were converted to hematite after annealing at 400 °C. A mechanism of spontaneous and selective deposition on the HOPG surface and transformation of the iron oxide nanoparticles is proposed. These results suggest a simple method for growing nanoparticles as a model catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura de Alwis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Timothy R Leftwich
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Pinaki Mukherjee
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Alex Denofre
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Kathryn A Perrine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
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