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Chattaraj A, Selvam TP. Calculation of biological effectiveness of SOBP proton beams: a TOPAS Monte Carlo study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:035004. [PMID: 38377599 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad2b02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective.This study aims to investigate the biological effectiveness of Spread-Out Bragg-Peak (SOBP) proton beams with initial kinetic energies 50-250 MeV at different depths in water using TOPAS Monte Carlo code.Approach.The study modelled SOBP proton beams using TOPAS time feature. Various LET-based models and Repair-Misrepair-Fixation model were employed to calculate Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) for V79 cell lines at different on-axis depths based on TOPAS. Microdosimetric Kinetic Model and biological weighting function-based models, which utilize microdosimetric distributions, were also used to estimate the RBE. A phase-space-based method was adopted for calculating microdosimetric distributions.Main results.The trend of variation of RBE with depth is similar in all the RBE models, but the absolute RBE values vary based on the calculation models. RBE sharply increases at the distal edge of SOBP proton beams. In the entrance region of all the proton beams, RBE values at 4 Gy i.e. RBE(4 Gy) resulting from different models are in the range of 1.04-1.07, comparable to clinically used generic RBE of 1.1. Moving from the proximal to distal end of the SOBP, RBE(4 Gy) is in the range of 1.15-1.33, 1.13-1.21, 1.11-1.17, 1.13-1.18 and 1.17-1.21, respectively for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 MeV SOBP beams, whereas at the distal dose fall-off region, these values are 1.68, 1.53, 1.44, 1.42 and 1.40, respectively.Significance.The study emphasises application of depth-, dose- and energy- dependent RBE values in clinical application of proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Chattaraj
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094, India
| | - T Palani Selvam
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094, India
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Chattaraj A, Selvam TP. Microdosimetry-based investigation of biological effectiveness of 252Cf brachytherapy source: TOPAS Monte Carlo study. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:225005. [PMID: 37797652 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad00a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate biological effectiveness of252Cf brachytherapy source using Monte Carlo-calculated microdosimetric distributions.Approach.252Cf source capsule was placed at the center of the spherical water phantom and phase-space data were scored as a function of radial distance in water (R= 1-5 cm) using TOPAS Monte Carlo code. The phase-space data were used to calculate microdosimetric distributions at 1μm site size. Using these distributions, Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), mean quality factor (Q̅) and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) were calculated as a function ofR.Main results.The overall shapes of the microdosimetric distributions are comparable at all the radial distances in water. However, slight variation in the bin-wise yield is observed withR. RBE,Q̅and OER are insensitive to R over the range 1-5 cm. Microdosimetric kinetic model based RBE values are about 2.3 and 2.8 for HSG tumour cells and V79 cells, respectively, whereas biological weighting function-based RBE is about 2.8. ICRP 60 and ICRU 40 recommendation-basedQ̅values are about 14.5 and 16, respectively. Theory of dual radiation action based RBE is 11.4. The calculated value of OER is 1.6.Significance.This study demonstrates the relative insensitivity of RBE,Q̅and OER radially away from the252Cf source along the distances of 1-5 cm in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Chattaraj
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - T Palani Selvam
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Qi Y, Mao L, Lu H, Jin S, Huang J, Wang Z, Zhang J, Wang K. Multi-centric analysis of linear energy transfer distribution from clinical proton beam based on TOPAS. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McFadden CH, Rahmanian S, Flint DB, Bright SJ, Yoon DS, O'Brien DJ, Asaithamby A, Abdollahi A, Greilich S, Sawakuchi GO. Isolation of time-dependent DNA damage induced by energetic carbon ions and their fragments using fluorescent nuclear track detectors. Med Phys 2019; 47:272-281. [PMID: 31677156 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High energetic carbon (C-) ion beams undergo nuclear interactions with tissue, producing secondary nuclear fragments. Thus, at depth, C-ion beams are composed of a mixture of different particles with different linear energy transfer (LET) values. We developed a technique to enable isolation of DNA damage response (DDR) in mixed radiation fields using beam line microscopy coupled with fluorescence nuclear track detectors (FNTDs). METHODS We imaged live cells on a coverslip made of FNTDs right after C-ion, proton or photon irradiation using an in-house built confocal microscope placed in the beam path. We used the FNTD to link track traversals with DNA damage and separated DNA damage induced by primary particles from fragments. RESULTS We were able to spatially link physical parameters of radiation tracks to DDR in live cells to investigate spatiotemporal DDR in multi-ion radiation fields in real time, which was previously not possible. We demonstrated that the response of lesions produced by the high-LET primary particles associates most strongly with cell death in a multi-LET radiation field, and that this association is not seen when analyzing radiation induced foci in aggregate without primary/fragment classification. CONCLUSIONS We report a new method that uses confocal microscopy in combination with FNTDs to provide submicrometer spatial-resolution measurements of radiation tracks in live cells. Our method facilitates expansion of the radiation-induced DDR research because it can be used in any particle beam line including particle therapy beam lines. CATEGORY Biological Physics and Response Prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H McFadden
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shirin Rahmanian
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David B Flint
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott J Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David S Yoon
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel J O'Brien
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Greilich
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel O Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Zhu H, Chen Y, Sung W, McNamara AL, Tran LT, Burigo LN, Rosenfeld AB, Li J, Faddegon B, Schuemann J, Paganetti H. The microdosimetric extension in TOPAS: development and comparison with published data. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:145004. [PMID: 31117056 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab23a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microdosimetric energy depositions have been suggested as a key variable for the modeling of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in proton and ion radiation therapy. However, microdosimetry has been underutilized in radiation therapy. Recent advances in detector technology allow the design of new mico- and nano-dosimeters. At the same time Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have become more widely used in radiation therapy. In order to address the growing interest in the field, a microdosimetric extension was developed in TOPAS. The extension provides users with the functionality to simulate microdosimetric spectra as well as the contribution of secondary particles to the spectra, calculate microdosimetric parameters, and determine RBE with a biological weighting function approach or with the microdosimetric kinetic (MK) model. Simulations were conducted with the extension and the results were compared with published experimental data and other simulation results for three types of microdosimeters, a spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), a cylindrical TEPC and a solid state microdosimeter. The corresponding microdosimetric spectra obtained with TOPAS from the plateau region to the distal tail of the Bragg curve generally show good agreement with the published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Schuemann J, McNamara AL, Ramos-Méndez J, Perl J, Held KD, Paganetti H, Incerti S, Faddegon B. TOPAS-nBio: An Extension to the TOPAS Simulation Toolkit for Cellular and Sub-cellular Radiobiology. Radiat Res 2019; 191:125-138. [PMID: 30609382 DOI: 10.1667/rr15226.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The TOPAS Monte Carlo (MC) system is used in radiation therapy and medical imaging research, having played a significant role in making Monte Carlo simulations widely available for proton therapy related research. While TOPAS provides detailed simulations of patient scale properties, the fundamental unit of the biological response to radiation is a cell. Thus, our goal was to develop TOPAS-nBio, an extension of TOPAS dedicated to advance understanding of radiobiological effects at the (sub-)cellular, (i.e., the cellular and sub-cellular) scale. TOPAS-nBio was designed as a set of open source classes that extends TOPAS to model radiobiological experiments. TOPAS-nBio is based on and extends Geant4-DNA, which extends the Geant4 toolkit, the basis of TOPAS, to include very low-energy interactions of particles down to vibrational energies, explicitly simulates every particle interaction (i.e., without using condensed histories) and propagates radiolysis products. To further facilitate the use of TOPAS-nBio, a graphical user interface was developed. TOPAS-nBio offers full track-structure Monte Carlo simulations, integration of chemical reactions within the first millisecond, an extensive catalogue of specialized cell geometries as well as sub-cellular structures such as DNA and mitochondria, and interfaces to mechanistic models of DNA repair kinetics. We compared TOPAS-nBio simulations to measured and published data of energy deposition patterns and chemical reaction rates (G values). Our simulations agreed well within the experimental uncertainties. Additionally, we expanded the chemical reactions and species provided in Geant4-DNA and developed a new method based on independent reaction times (IRT), including a total of 72 reactions classified into 6 types between neutral and charged species. Chemical stage simulations using IRT were a factor of 145 faster than with step-by-step tracking. Finally, we applied the geometric/chemical modeling to obtain initial yields of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA fibers for proton irradiations of 3 and 50 MeV and compared the effect of including chemical reactions on the number and complexity of DSB induction. Over half of the DSBs were found to include chemical reactions with approximately 5% of DSBs caused only by chemical reactions. In conclusion, the TOPAS-nBio extension to the TOPAS MC application offers access to accurate and detailed multiscale simulations, from a macroscopic description of the radiation field to microscopic description of biological outcome for selected cells. TOPAS-nBio offers detailed physics and chemistry simulations of radiobiological experiments on cells simulating the initially induced damage and links to models of DNA repair kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schuemann
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A L McNamara
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Ramos-Méndez
- b Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J Perl
- c SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - K D Held
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - H Paganetti
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Incerti
- d CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France.,e University of Bordeaux, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - B Faddegon
- b Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Underwood TS, McMahon SJ. Proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE): a multiscale problem. Br J Radiol 2018; 92:20180004. [PMID: 29975153 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy is undergoing rapid expansion both within the UK and internationally, but significant challenges still need to be overcome if maximum benefit is to be realised from this technique. One major limitation is the persistent uncertainty in proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE). While RBE values are needed to link proton radiotherapy to our existing experience with photon radiotherapy, RBE remains poorly understood and is typically incorporated as a constant dose scaling factor of 1.1 in clinical plans. This is in contrast to extensive experimental evidence indicating that RBE is a function of dose, tissue type, and proton linear energy transfer, among other parameters. In this article, we discuss the challenges associated with obtaining clinically relevant values for proton RBE through commonly-used assays, and highlight the wide range of other experimental end points which can inform our understanding of RBE. We propose that accurate and robust optimization of proton radiotherapy ultimately requires a multiscale understanding of RBE, integrating subcellular, cellular, and patient-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Sa Underwood
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Alsanea F, Therriault-Proulx F, Sawakuchi G, Beddar S. A real-time method to simultaneously measure linear energy transfer and dose for proton therapy using organic scintillators. Med Phys 2018; 45:1782-1789. [PMID: 29446078 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, no detectors are capable of simultaneously measuring dose and linear energy transfer (LET) in real time. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of exploiting the difference in the response of various organic plastic scintillation detectors to measure LET and dose in therapeutic proton beams. The hypothesis behind this work was that the ratio of the responses of different scintillators exposed to the same proton beam can be used to obtain a LET vs ratio calibration curve that can then be used to infer LET under any other measurement conditions. METHODS We first used similar scintillators with different ionization quenching factors. LET values for different irradiation conditions were calculated using a validated Monte Carlo model of the proton beam line. The quenching factors in the Birks equation for different scintillators as a function of LET were obtained from measurements in a 100-MeV pristine proton beam. We then used four different organic scintillation materials - polystyrene (BCF-12), poly (methyl methacrylate), polyvinyltoluene, and a liquid scintillator - for which the LET response varied with regard to not only quenching but also differences in material density and relative stopping power. We simultaneously exposed the four different organic scintillators and a plane-parallel ion chamber to passively scattered proton beams at fluence-averaged LET. Comparisons to the expected values obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations were made on the basis of both dose and LET. RESULTS The maximum difference in the quenching factor was 20%, resulting in a 5% change in LET with a response ratio over a range of 5 keV/μm. Among all the scintillators investigated, the ratio of PMMA to BCF-12 provided the best correlation with LET values and was therefore used to construct the LET calibration curve. The expected LET values in the validation set were within 2% ± 6%, which resulted in dose accuracy of 1.5% ± 5.8% for the range of LET values investigated in this work. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of using the ratio of the light outputs of two organic scintillators to simultaneously measure LET and dose in therapeutic proton beams for fluence-averaged LET values from 0.47 to 1.26 keV/μm. Further studies are needed to verify the response for higher LET values and the reproducibility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed Alsanea
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Francois Therriault-Proulx
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sam Beddar
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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