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Yin P, Liang W, Han B, Yang Y, Sun D, Qu X, Hai Y, Luo D. Hydrogel and Nanomedicine-Based Multimodal Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301173. [PMID: 37884459 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurodegenerative disease caused by mechanical and biological factors, manifesting as a loss of motor and sensory functions. Inhibition of injury expansion and even reversal of injury in the acute damage stage of SCI are important strategies for treating this disease. Hydrogels and nanoparticle (NP)-based drugs are the most effective, widely studied, and clinically valuable therapeutic strategies in the field of repair and regeneration. Hydrogels are 3D flow structures that fill the pathological gaps in SCI and provide a microenvironment similar to that of the spinal cord extracellular matrix for nerve cell regeneration. NP-based drugs can easily penetrate the blood-spinal cord barrier, target SCI lesions, and are noninvasive. Hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers can be loaded with various drugs and biological therapeutic factors for slow release in SCI lesions. They help drugs function more efficiently by exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nerve regeneration effects to promote the recovery of neurological function. In this review, the use of hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers and the role of both in the repair of SCI are discussed to provide a multimodal strategic reference for nerve repair and regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research & Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
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Li Z, Lu F, Liu Y. A Review of the Mechanism, Properties, and Applications of Hydrogels Prepared by Enzymatic Cross-linking. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37390351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, as biological materials, are widely used in food, tissue engineering, and biomedical applications. Nevertheless, many issues remain in the preparation of hydrogels by physical and chemical methods, such as low bioaffinity, weak mechanical properties, and unstable structures, which also limit their applications in other fields. However, the enzymatic cross-linking method has the advantages of high catalytic efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and the presence of nontoxic substances. In this review, we evaluated the chemical, physical, and biological methods of preparing hydrogels and introduced three common cross-linking enzymes and their principles for preparing hydrogels. This review introduced the applications and properties of hydrogels prepared by the enzymatic method and also provided some suggestions regarding the current situation and future development of hydrogels prepared by enzymatic cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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Tobola F, Wiltschi B. One, two, many: Strategies to alter the number of carbohydrate binding sites of lectins. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108020. [PMID: 35868512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are more than an energy-storage. They are ubiquitously found on cells and most proteins, where they encode biological information. Lectins bind these carbohydrates and are essential for translating the encoded information into biological functions and processes. Hundreds of lectins are known, and they are found in all domains of life. For half a century, researchers have been preparing variants of lectins in which the binding sites are varied. In this way, the traits of the lectins such as the affinity, avidity and specificity towards their ligands as well as their biological efficacy were changed. These efforts helped to unravel the biological importance of lectins and resulted in improved variants for biotechnological exploitation and potential medical applications. This review gives an overview on the methods for the preparation of artificial lectins and complexes thereof and how reducing or increasing the number of binding sites affects their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Tobola
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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