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Webb TJ, Bliss DE, Chandler GA, Dolan DH, Dunham G, Edens A, Harding E, Johnston MD, Jones MC, Langendorf S, Mangan M, Maurer AJ, McCoy CA, Moore NW, Presura R, Steiner AM, Wu M, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Yates KC. Radiation, optical, power flow, and electrical diagnostics at the Z facility: Layout and techniques utilized to operate in the harsh environment. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:031102. [PMID: 37012753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Z machine is a current driver producing up to 30 MA in 100 ns that utilizes a wide range of diagnostics to assess accelerator performance and target behavior conduct experiments that use the Z target as a source of radiation or high pressures. We review the existing suite of diagnostic systems, including their locations and primary configurations. The diagnostics are grouped in the following categories: pulsed power diagnostics, x-ray power and energy, x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray imaging (including backlighting, power flow, and velocimetry), and nuclear detectors (including neutron activation). We will also briefly summarize the primary imaging detectors we use at Z: image plates, x-ray and visible film, microchannel plates, and the ultrafast x-ray imager. The Z shot produces a harsh environment that interferes with diagnostic operation and data retrieval. We term these detrimental processes "threats" of which only partial quantifications and precise sources are known. We summarize the threats and describe techniques utilized in many of the systems to reduce noise and backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Bliss
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D H Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A Edens
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Johnston
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Langendorf
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - N W Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Presura
- Nevada National Security Site, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A M Steiner
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Yager-Elorriaga
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K C Yates
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Hahn KD, Frenje JA, Ampleford DJ, Jones B, Mangan MA, Maurer A, Ruiz CL, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. A neutron recoil-spectrometer for measuring yield and determining liner areal densities at the Z facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:073501. [PMID: 32752812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-principle CR-39 based neutron-recoil-spectrometer was built and fielded on the Z facility. Data from this experiment match indium activation yields within a factor of 2 using simplified instrument response function models. The data also demonstrate the need for neutron shielding in order to infer liner areal densities. A new shielded design has been developed. The spectrometer is expected to achieve signal-to-background greater than 2 for the down-scattered neutron signal and greater than 30 for the primary signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Jones
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Hahn KD, Chandler GA, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Gomez MR, Slutz S, Sefkow AB, Sinars DB, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Schmit PF, Harding E, Jennings CA, Awe TJ, Geissel M, Rovang DC, Torres JA, Bur JA, Cuneo ME, Glebov VY, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrman MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Jones B, Lamppa DC, Lash JS, Martin MR, McBride RD, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Reneker J, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Savage ME, Smith IC, Styron JD, Vesey RA. Fusion-neutron measurements for magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on the Z accelerator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bonura MA, Ruiz CL, Fehl DL, Cooper GW, Chandler G, Hahn KD, Nelson AJ, Styron JD, Torres JA. A technique for verifying the input response function of neutron time-of-flight scintillation detectors using cosmic rays. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:11D633. [PMID: 25430209 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An accurate interpretation of DD or DT fusion neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) signals from current mode detectors employed at the Z-facility at Sandia National Laboratories requires that the instrument response functions (IRF's) be deconvolved from the measured nTOF signals. A calibration facility that produces detectable sub-ns radiation pulses is typically used to measure the IRF of such detectors. This work, however, reports on a simple method that utilizes cosmic radiation to measure the IRF of nTOF detectors, operated in pulse-counting mode. The characterizing metrics reported here are the throughput delay and full-width-at-half-maximum. This simple approach yields consistent IRF results with the same detectors calibrated in 2007 at a LINAC bremsstrahlung accelerator (Idaho State University). In particular, the IRF metrics from these two approaches and their dependence on the photomultipliers bias agree to within a few per cent. This information may thus be used to verify if the IRF for a given nTOF detector employed at Z has changed since its original current-mode calibration and warrants re-measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bonura
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
| | - D L Fehl
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - G Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
| | - A J Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J D Styron
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J A Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, USA
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Hahn KD, Cooper GW, Ruiz CL, Fehl DL, Chandler GA, Knapp PF, Leeper RJ, Nelson AJ, Smelser RM, Torres JA. Fusion-neutron-yield, activation measurements at the Z accelerator: design, analysis, and sensitivity. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043507. [PMID: 24784607 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a general methodology to determine the diagnostic sensitivity that is directly applicable to neutron-activation diagnostics fielded on a wide variety of neutron-producing experiments, which include inertial-confinement fusion (ICF), dense plasma focus, and ion beam-driven concepts. This approach includes a combination of several effects: (1) non-isotropic neutron emission; (2) the 1/r(2) decrease in neutron fluence in the activation material; (3) the spatially distributed neutron scattering, attenuation, and energy losses due to the fielding environment and activation material itself; and (4) temporally varying neutron emission. As an example, we describe the copper-activation diagnostic used to measure secondary deuterium-tritium fusion-neutron yields on ICF experiments conducted on the pulsed-power Z Accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories. Using this methodology along with results from absolute calibrations and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that for the diagnostic configuration on Z, the diagnostic sensitivity is 0.037% ± 17% counts/neutron per cm(2) and is ∼ 40% less sensitive than it would be in an ideal geometry due to neutron attenuation, scattering, and energy-loss effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D L Fehl
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R J Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Plasma Physics Group, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - R M Smelser
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J A Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, Diagnostics and Target Physics, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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Sinenian N, Manuel MJE, Zylstra AB, Rosenberg M, Waugh CJ, Rinderknecht HG, Casey DT, Sio H, Ruszczynski JK, Zhou L, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Ruiz CL, Leeper RJ. Upgrade of the MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) for nuclear diagnostics development for Omega, Z and the NIF. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043502. [PMID: 22559531 DOI: 10.1063/1.3703315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The MIT Linear Electrostatic Ion Accelerator (LEIA) generates DD and D(3)He fusion products for the development of nuclear diagnostics for Omega, Z, and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Significant improvements to the system in recent years are presented. Fusion reaction rates, as high as 10(7) s(-1) and 10(6) s(-1) for DD and D(3)He, respectively, are now well regulated with a new ion source and electronic gas control system. Charged fusion products are more accurately characterized, which allows for better calibration of existing nuclear diagnostics. In addition, in situ measurements of the on-target beam profile, made with a CCD camera, are used to determine the metrology of the fusion-product source for particle-counting applications. Finally, neutron diagnostics development has been facilitated by detailed Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) modeling of neutrons in the accelerator target chamber, which is used to correct for scattering within the system. These recent improvements have resulted in a versatile platform, which continues to support the existing nuclear diagnostics while simultaneously facilitating the development of new diagnostics in aid of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sinenian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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