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Ao T, Schollmeier M, Kalita P, Gard PD, Smith IC, Shores JE, Speas CS, Seagle CT. A spherical crystal diffraction imager for Sandia's Z Pulsed Power Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043106. [PMID: 32357691 DOI: 10.1063/1.5132323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sandia's Z Pulsed Power Facility is able to dynamically compress matter to extreme states with exceptional uniformity, duration, and size, which are ideal for investigating fundamental material properties of high energy density conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a key atomic scale probe since it provides direct observation of the compression and strain of the crystal lattice and is used to detect, identify, and quantify phase transitions. Because of the destructive nature of Z-Dynamic Material Property (DMP) experiments and low signal vs background emission levels of XRD, it is very challenging to detect a diffraction signal close to the Z-DMP load and to recover the data. We have developed a new Spherical Crystal Diffraction Imager (SCDI) diagnostic to relay and image the diffracted x-ray pattern away from the load debris field. The SCDI diagnostic utilizes the Z-Beamlet laser to generate 6.2-keV Mn-Heα x rays to probe a shock-compressed material on the Z-DMP load. A spherically bent crystal composed of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is used to collect and focus the diffracted x rays into a 1-in. thick tungsten housing, where an image plate is used to record the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Schollmeier
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P Kalita
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Shores
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C S Speas
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C T Seagle
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Rygg JR, Smith RF, Lazicki AE, Braun DG, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, McNaney JM, Swift DC, Wehrenberg CE, Coppari F, Ahmed MF, Barrios MA, Blobaum KJM, Collins GW, Cook AL, Di Nicola P, Dzenitis EG, Gonzales S, Heidl BF, Hohenberger M, House A, Izumi N, Kalantar DH, Khan SF, Kohut TR, Kumar C, Masters ND, Polsin DN, Regan SP, Smith CA, Vignes RM, Wall MA, Ward J, Wark JS, Zobrist TL, Arsenlis A, Eggert JH. X-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043902. [PMID: 32357733 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report details of an experimental platform implemented at the National Ignition Facility to obtain in situ powder diffraction data from solids dynamically compressed to extreme pressures. Thin samples are sandwiched between tamper layers and ramp compressed using a gradual increase in the drive-laser irradiance. Pressure history in the sample is determined using high-precision velocimetry measurements. Up to two independently timed pulses of x rays are produced at or near the time of peak pressure by laser illumination of thin metal foils. The quasi-monochromatic x-ray pulses have a mean wavelength selectable between 0.6 Å and 1.9 Å depending on the foil material. The diffracted signal is recorded on image plates with a typical 2θ x-ray scattering angle uncertainty of about 0.2° and resolution of about 1°. Analytic expressions are reported for systematic corrections to 2θ due to finite pinhole size and sample offset. A new variant of a nonlinear background subtraction algorithm is described, which has been used to observe diffraction lines at signal-to-background ratios as low as a few percent. Variations in system response over the detector area are compensated in order to obtain accurate line intensities; this system response calculation includes a new analytic approximation for image-plate sensitivity as a function of photon energy and incident angle. This experimental platform has been used up to 2 TPa (20 Mbar) to determine the crystal structure, measure the density, and evaluate the strain-induced texturing of a variety of compressed samples spanning periods 2-7 on the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C E Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K J M Blobaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A L Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - E G Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Gonzales
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B F Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T R Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Kumar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N D Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C A Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R M Vignes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Wall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Ward
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T L Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Arsenlis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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