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Suuronen JP, Hesse B, Langer M, Bohner M, Villanova J. Evaluation of imaging setups for quantitative phase contrast nanoCT of mineralized biomaterials. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:843-852. [PMID: 35511016 PMCID: PMC9070718 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522003137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
X-ray nano-tomography with phase contrast (nanoCT) using synchrotron radiation is a powerful tool to non-destructively investigate 3D material properties at the nanoscale. In large bone lesions, such as severe bone fractures, bone cancer or other diseases, bone grafts substituting the lost bone might be necessary. Such grafts can be of biological origin or be composed of a synthetic bone substitute. The long-term functioning of artificial bone substitutes depends on many factors. Synchrotron nanoCT imaging has great potential to contribute to further the understanding of integration of implants into bone tissue by imaging the spatial interaction between bone tissue and implant, and by accessing the interface between implant material and bone tissue. With this aim, a methodology for evaluating the image quality is presented for in-line phase contrast nanoCT images of bone scaffold samples. A PMMA-embedded tricalcium phosphate scaffold was used with both a closed and an open porosity structure and bone ingrowths as a representative system of three known materials. Parameters such as spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio were extracted and used to explore and quantitatively compare the effects of implementation choices in the imaging setup, such as camera technology and imaging energy, on the resulting image quality. Increasing the X-ray energy from 17.5 keV to 29.6 keV leads to a notable improvement in image quality regardless of the camera technology used, with the two tested camera setups performing at a comparable level when the recorded intensity was kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi-Petteri Suuronen
- Xploraytion, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion, Bismarckstrasse 10-12, 10625 Berlin, Germany
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Max Langer
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, 69621 Lyon, France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Bohner
- RMS Foundation, Bischmattstrasse 12, 2544 Bettlach, Switzerland
| | - Julie Villanova
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Lewin S, Kihlström Burenstam Linder L, Birgersson U, Gallinetti S, Åberg J, Engqvist H, Persson C, Öhman-Mägi C. Monetite-based composite cranial implants demonstrate long-term clinical volumetric balance by concomitant bone formation and degradation. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:502-513. [PMID: 33857696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of calcium phosphates (CaPs) as synthetic bone substitutes should ideally result in a volumetric balance with concomitant bone formation and degradation. Clinical data on such properties is nevertheless lacking, especially for monetite-based CaPs. However, a monetite-based composite implant has recently shown promising cranial reconstructions, with both CaP degradation and bone formation. In this study, the volumetric change at the implant site was quantified longitudinally by clinical computed tomography (CT). The retrospective CT datasets had been acquired postoperatively (n = 10), in 1-year (n = 9) and 3-year (n = 5) follow-ups. In the 1-year follow-up, the total volumetric change at the implant site was -8 ± 8%. A volumetric increase (bone formation) was found in the implant-bone interface, and a volumetric decrease was observed in the central region (CaP degradation). In the subjects with 2- or 3-year follow-ups, the rate of volumetric decrease slowed down or plateaued. The reported degradation rate is lower than previous clinical studies on monetite, likely due to the presence of pyrophosphate in the monetite-based CaP-formulation. A 31-months retrieval specimen analysis demonstrated that parts of the CaP had been remodeled into bone. The CaP phase composition remained stable, with 6% transformation into hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, this study demonstrates successful bone-bonding between the CaP-material and the recipient bone, as well as a long-term volumetric balance in cranial defects repaired with the monetite-based composite implant, which motivates further clinical use. The developed methods could be used in future studies for correlating spatiotemporal information regarding bone regeneration and CaP degradation to e.g. patient demographics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In bone defect reconstructions, the use of calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics ideally results in a volumetric balance between bone formation and CaP degradation. Clinical data on the volumetric balance is nevertheless lacking, especially for monetite-based CaPs. Here, this concept is investigated for a composite cranial implant. The implant volumes were quantified from clinical CT-data: postoperatively, one year and three years postoperatively. In total, -8 ± 8% (n = 9) volumetric change was observed after one year. But the change plateaued, with only 2% additional decrease at the 3-year follow-up (n = 5), indicating a lower CaP degradation rate. Osseointegration was seen at the bone-implant interface, with a 9 ± 7% volumetric change after one year. This study presented the first quantitative spatiotemporal CT analysis of monetite-based CaPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lewin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Kihlström Burenstam Linder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Birgersson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Gallinetti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Åberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; OssDsign, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Amann E, Amirall A, Franco AR, Poh PSP, Sola Dueñas FJ, Fuentes Estévez G, Leonor IB, Reis RL, Griensven M, Balmayor ER. A Graded, Porous Composite of Natural Biopolymers and Octacalcium Phosphate Guides Osteochondral Differentiation of Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001692. [PMID: 33448144 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesions involving the osteochondral unit are difficult to treat. Biomimetic scaffolds are previously shown as promising alternative. Such devices often lack multiple functional layers that mimic bone, cartilage, and the interface. In this study, multilayered scaffolds are developed based on the use of natural extracellular matrix (ECM)-like biopolymers. Particular attention is paid to obtain a complex matrix that mimics the native osteochondral transition. Porous, sponge-like chitosan-collagen-octacalcium phosphate (OCP) scaffolds are obtained. Collagen content increases while the amount of OCP particles decreases toward the cartilage layer. The scaffolds are bioactive as a mineral layer is deposited containing hydroxyapatite at the bony side. The scaffolds stimulate proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, but the degree of proliferation depends on the cell seeding density. The scaffolds give rise to a zone-specific gene expression. RUNX2, COL1A1, BGLAP, and SPP1 are upregulated in the bony layer of the scaffold. SOX9 is upregulated concomitant with COL2A1 expression in the cartilage zone. Mineralization in presence of the cells is prominent in the bone area with Ca and P steadily increasing over time. These results are encouraging for the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds using ECM-like materials and featuring gradients that mimic native tissues and their interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Amann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich 81675 Germany
| | - Amisel Amirall
- Biomaterials Center University of Havana Havana 10 400 Cuba
| | - Albina R. Franco
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs‐Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Guimarães Portugal
| | - Patrina S. P. Poh
- Experimental Trauma Surgery Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich 81675 Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin 13353 Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Isabel B. Leonor
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs‐Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs‐Research Institute on Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Guimarães Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine Headquarters at University of Minho Avepark Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
| | - Martijn Griensven
- Experimental Trauma Surgery Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich 81675 Germany
- Department of Cell Biology‐Inspired Tissue Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht 6229 ER The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth R. Balmayor
- Experimental Trauma Surgery Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich 81675 Germany
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering MERLN Institute for Technology‐Inspired Regenerative Medicine Maastricht University Maastricht 6229 ER The Netherlands
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Akhter MP, Recker RR. High resolution imaging in bone tissue research-review. Bone 2021; 143:115620. [PMID: 32866682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on imaging of bone tissue to understand skeletal health with regards to bone quality. Skeletal fragility fractures are due to bone diseases such as osteoporosis which result in low bone mass and bone mineral density (BMD) leading to high risk of fragility fractures. Recent advances in imaging and analysis technologies have highly benefitted the field of biological sciences. In particular, their application in skeletal health has been of significant importance in understanding bone mechanical behavior (structure and properties) at the tissue level. While synchrotron based microCT technique has remained the gold standard for non-destructive evaluation of structure in material and biological sciences, several lab based microCT systems have been developed to provide high resolution imaging of specimens with greater access, and ease of use in laboratory settings. Lab based microCT scanners are widely used in the bone field as a standard tool to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of bone structure at image resolutions appropriate for bone samples from small animals to bone biopsy specimens from humans. Both synchrotron and standard lab based microCT systems provide high resolution imaging ex vivo for a small sized specimen. A few X-ray based systems are also commercially available for in vivo scanning at relatively low image resolutions. Synchrotron-based CT microscopy is being used for various ultra-high-resolution image analyses using complex 3D software. However, the synchrotron-based CT technology is in high demand, allows only limited numbers of specimens, expensive, requires complex additional instrumentation, and is not easily available to researchers as it requires access to a synchrotron source which is always limited. Therefore, desktop laboratory scanners (microXCT, Zeiss/Xradia, Scanco, SkyScan. etc.), mimicking the synchrotron based CT technology or image resolution, have been developed to solve the accessibility issues. These lab based scanners have helped both material science, and the bone field to investigate bone tissue morphologies at submicron mage resolutions. Considerable progress has been made in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging towards providing high resolution images of bone tissue. Both clinical and research imaging technologies will continue to improve and help understand osteoporosis and other related skeletal issues in order to develop targeted treatments for bone fragility. This review summarizes the high resolution imaging work in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Akhter
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America.
| | - R R Recker
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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5
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Barba A, Diez-Escudero A, Espanol M, Bonany M, Sadowska JM, Guillem-Marti J, Öhman-Mägi C, Persson C, Manzanares MC, Franch J, Ginebra MP. Impact of Biomimicry in the Design of Osteoinductive Bone Substitutes: Nanoscale Matters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8818-8830. [PMID: 30740968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone apatite consists of carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) nanocrystals. Biomimetic routes allow fabricating synthetic bone grafts that mimic biological apatite. In this work, we explored the role of two distinctive features of biomimetic apatites, namely, nanocrystal morphology (plate vs needle-like crystals) and carbonate content, on the bone regeneration potential of CDHA scaffolds in an in vivo canine model. Both ectopic bone formation and scaffold degradation were drastically affected by the nanocrystal morphology after intramuscular implantation. Fine-CDHA foams with needle-like nanocrystals, comparable in size to bone mineral, showed a markedly higher osteoinductive potential and a superior degradation than chemically identical coarse-CDHA foams with larger plate-shaped crystals. These findings correlated well with the superior bone-healing capacity showed by the fine-CDHA scaffolds when implanted intraosseously. Moreover, carbonate doping of CDHA, which resulted in small plate-shaped nanocrystals, accelerated both the intrinsic osteoinduction and the bone healing capacity, and significantly increased the cell-mediated resorption. These results suggest that tuning the chemical composition and the nanostructural features may allow the material to enter the physiological bone remodeling cycle, promoting a tight synchronization between scaffold degradation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Barba
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Maria-Cristina Manzanares
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics , Universitat de Barcelona , L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jordi Franch
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST) , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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6
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Osteogenesis by foamed and 3D-printed nanostructured calcium phosphate scaffolds: Effect of pore architecture. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:135-147. [PMID: 30195084 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need of synthetic bone grafts with enhanced osteogenic capacity. This can be achieved by combining biomaterials with exogenous growth factors, which however can have numerous undesired side effects, but also by tuning the intrinsic biomaterial properties. In a previous study, we showed the synergistic effect of nanostructure and pore architecture of biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) scaffolds in enhancing osteoinduction, i.e. fostering the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to bone forming cells. This was demonstrated by assessing bone formation after implanting the scaffolds intramuscularly. The present study goes one step forward, since it analyzes the effect of the geometrical features of the same CDHA scaffolds, obtained either by 3D-printing or by foaming, on the osteogenic potential and resorption behaviour in a bony environment. After 6 and 12 weeks of intraosseous implantation, both bone formation and material degradation had been drastically affected by the macropore architecture of the scaffolds. Whereas nanostructured CDHA was shown to be highly osteoconductive both in the robocast and foamed scaffolds, a superior osteogenic capacity was observed in the foamed scaffolds, which was associated with their higher intrinsic osteoinductive potential. Moreover, they showed a significantly higher cell-mediated degradation than the robocast constructs, with a simultaneous and progressive replacement of the scaffold by new bone. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the control of macropore architecture is a crucial parameter in the design of synthetic bone grafts, which allows fostering both material degradation and new bone formation. Statement of Significance 3D-printing technologies open new perspectives for the design of patient-specific bone grafts, since they allow customizing the external shape together with the internal architecture of implants. In this respect, it is important to design the appropriate pore geometry to maximize the bone healing capacity of these implants. The present study analyses the effect of pore architecture of nanostructured hydroxyapatite scaffolds, obtained either by 3D-printing or foaming, on the osteogenic potential and scaffold resorption in an in vivo model. While nanostructured hydroxyapatite showed excellent osteoconductive properties irrespective of pore geometry, we demonstrated that the spherical, concave macropores of foamed scaffolds significantly promoted both material resorption and bone regeneration compared to the 3D-printed scaffolds with orthogonal-patterned struts and therefore prismatic, convex macropores.
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7
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Barba A, Diez-Escudero A, Maazouz Y, Rappe K, Espanol M, Montufar EB, Bonany M, Sadowska JM, Guillem-Marti J, Öhman-Mägi C, Persson C, Manzanares MC, Franch J, Ginebra MP. Osteoinduction by Foamed and 3D-Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds: Effect of Nanostructure and Pore Architecture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41722-41736. [PMID: 29116737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some biomaterials are osteoinductive, that is, they are able to trigger the osteogenic process by inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic lineage. Although the underlying mechanism is still unclear, microporosity and specific surface area (SSA) have been identified as critical factors in material-associated osteoinduction. However, only sintered ceramics, which have a limited range of porosities and SSA, have been analyzed so far. In this work, we were able to extend these ranges to the nanoscale, through the foaming and 3D-printing of biomimetic calcium phosphates, thereby obtaining scaffolds with controlled micro- and nanoporosity and with tailored macropore architectures. Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) scaffolds were evaluated after 6 and 12 weeks in an ectopic-implantation canine model and compared with two sintered ceramics, biphasic calcium phosphate and β-tricalcium phosphate. Only foams with spherical, concave macropores and not 3D-printed scaffolds with convex, prismatic macropores induced significant ectopic bone formation. Among them, biomimetic nanostructured CDHA produced the highest incidence of ectopic bone and accelerated bone formation when compared with conventional microstructured sintered calcium phosphates with the same macropore architecture. Moreover, they exhibited different bone formation patterns; in CDHA foams, the new ectopic bone progressively replaced the scaffold, whereas in sintered biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds, bone was deposited on the surface of the material, progressively filling the pore space. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the high reactivity of nanostructured biomimetic CDHA combined with a spherical, concave macroporosity allows the pushing of the osteoinduction potential beyond the limits of microstructured calcium phosphate ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Barba
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Diez-Escudero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yassine Maazouz
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrin Rappe
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Espanol
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Bonany
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanna M Sadowska
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Öhman-Mägi
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Materials in Medicine Group, Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University , 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria-Cristina Manzanares
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Universitat de Barcelona , 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Franch
- Bone Healing Group, Small Animal Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Avinguda Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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