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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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Bhoyate S, Ionescu M, Kahol PK, Chen J, Mishra SR, Gupta RK. Highly flame-retardant polyurethane foam based on reactive phosphorus polyol and limonene-based polyol. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - M. Ionescu
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - P. K. Kahol
- Department of Physics; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - J. Chen
- Department of Physics and Materials Science; The University of Memphis; Memphis Tennessee 38142
| | - S. R. Mishra
- Department of Physics and Materials Science; The University of Memphis; Memphis Tennessee 38142
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
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Zhang C, Bhoyate S, Ionescu M, Kahol PK, Gupta RK. Highly flame retardant and bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from orange peel oil. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
| | - Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
| | - M. Ionescu
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
| | - P. K. Kahol
- Department of Physics; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas, 66762
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