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Garner AL, Neculaes B, Dylov DV. Infrared Laser-Based Single Cell Permeabilization by Plasma Membrane Temperature Gradients. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060574. [PMID: 35736281 PMCID: PMC9227360 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Single cell microinjection provides precise tuning of the volume and timing of delivery into the treated cells; however, it also introduces workflow complexity that requires highly skilled operators and specialized equipment. Laser-based microinjection provides an alternative method for targeting a single cell using a common laser and a workflow that may be readily standardized. This paper presents experiments using a 1550 nm, 100 fs pulse duration laser with a repetition rate of 20 ns for laser-based microinjection and calculations of the hypothesized physical mechanism responsible for the experimentally observed permeabilization. Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells exposed to this laser underwent propidium iodide uptake, demonstrating the potential for selective cell permeabilization. The agreement between the experimental conditions and the electropermeabilization threshold based on estimated changes in the transmembrane potential induced by a laser-induced plasma membrane temperature gradient, even without accounting for enhancement due to traditional electroporation, strengthens the hypothesis of this mechanism for the experimental observations. Compared to standard 800 nm lasers, 1550 nm fs lasers may ultimately provide a lower cost microinjection method that readily interfaces with a microscope and is agnostic to operator skill, while inducing fewer deleterious effects (e.g., temperature rise, shockwaves, and cavitation bubbles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L. Garner
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Bogdan Neculaes
- GE Research, Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (B.N.)
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Garner AL, Torres AS, Klopman S, Neculaes B. Electrical stimulation of whole blood for growth factor release and potential clinical implications. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110105. [PMID: 32721802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians have increasingly applied platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for wound healing treatments. Topical treatments commonly require biochemical agents such as bovine thrombin to activate PRP ex vivo for clotting and growth factor release to facilitate healing upon application to the wound of interest. Recent studies have explored electrical stimulation as an alternative to bovine thrombin for PRP activation due to the former's cost, workflow complexity and potentially significant side effects; however, both approaches require separating the PRP from whole blood (WB) prior to activation. Eliminating the separation (typically centrifugation) step would reduce the cost and duration of the clinical procedure, which may be critical in trauma and surgical applications. We hypothesize that electric pulses (EPs) can release growth factors from WB, as they do from PRP, without requiring centrifugation of WB into PRP. A pilot study for two donors demonstrates the potential for EP stimulated growth factor release from WB. This motivates future experiments assessing EP parameter optimization for WB activation and in vivo studies to determine the clinical benefits for topical treatments and, especially, for injections in orthopedic applications that already utilize non-treated/non-activated WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L Garner
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Andrew S Torres
- GE Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA; Molecular Templates, Austin, TX, USA
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Das B, Shrirao A, Golberg A, Berthiaume F, Schloss R, Yarmush ML. Differential Cell Death and Regrowth of Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes After Application of Pulsed Electric Fields. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:175-185. [PMID: 34471845 PMCID: PMC8370327 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-powered pulsed electric fields (PEF) may be used for tissue debridement and disinfection, while lower PEF intensities may stimulate beneficial cellular responses for wound healing. We investigated the dual effects of nonuniform PEF on cellular death and stimulation. Methods: Dermal fibroblast or keratinocyte monolayers were exposed to PEF induced by two needle electrodes (2 mm apart). Voltages (100-600 V; 1 Hz; 70 micros pulse width; 90 pulses/cycle) were applied between the two electrodes. Controls consisted of similar monolayers subjected to a scratch mechanical injury. Results: Cell growth and closure of the cell-free gap was faster in PEF-treated cell monolayers versus scratched ones. Media conditioned from cells pre-exposed to PEF, when applied to responder cells, stimulated greater proliferation than media from scratched monolayers. Conclusions: PEF treatment causes the release of soluble factors that promote cell growth, and thus may play a role in the accelerated healing of wounds post PEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodhisatwa Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anil Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander Golberg
- Department of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pulsed electric field inactivation of microorganisms: from fundamental biophysics to synergistic treatments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7917-7929. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vadlamani RA, Nie Y, Detwiler DA, Dhanabal A, Kraft AM, Kuang S, Gavin TP, Garner AL. Nanosecond pulsed electric field induced proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and myoblasts. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190079. [PMID: 31213169 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity electric fields can induce changes in cell differentiation and cytoskeletal stresses that facilitate manipulation of osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells; however, the application times (tens of minutes) are of the order of physiological mechanisms, which can complicate treatment consistency. Intense nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) can overcome these challenges by inducing similar stresses on shorter timescales while additionally inducing plasma membrane nanoporation, ion transport and intracellular structure manipulation. This paper shows that treating myoblasts and osteoblasts with five 300 ns PEFs with intensities from 1.5 to 25 kV cm-1 increased proliferation and differentiation. While nsPEFs above 5 kV cm-1 decreased myoblast population growth, 10 and 20 kV cm-1 trains increased myoblast population by approximately fivefold 48 h after exposure when all cell densities were set to the same level after exposure. Three trials of the PEF-treated osteoblasts showed that PEF trains between 2.5 and 10 kV cm-1 induced the greatest population growth compared to the control 48 h after treatment. Trains of nsPEFs between 1.5 and 5 kV cm-1 induced the most nodule formation in osteoblasts, indicating bone formation. These results demonstrate the potential utility for nsPEFs to rapidly modulate stem cells for proliferation and differentiation and motivate future experiments to optimize PEF parameters for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Anand Vadlamani
- 1 School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | - Yaohui Nie
- 2 Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | | | - Agni Dhanabal
- 3 Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | - Alan M Kraft
- 1 School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- 4 Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- 2 Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
| | - Allen L Garner
- 1 School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA.,3 Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA.,5 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907 , USA
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Using extracellular calcium concentration and electric pulse conditions to tune platelet-rich plasma growth factor release and clotting. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:100-105. [PMID: 30902134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging autologous biologic method for wound healing. Clinicians apply PRP either topically (where it is activated ex-vivo before treatment by adding an external agent to trigger clotting and the release of growth factors that facilitate wound healing) or through injection (where it is activated in vivo at the injury site with no prior activation before injection). Because topical PRP activation typically utilizes bovine thrombin, which has significant potential side effects and high costs, recent studies have assessed the efficacy of combining extracellular calcium (EC) and electric pulses (EPs) to activate PRP. The potential to apply this novel technique to PRP both topically and internally via injection raises the question about the ability to tune the clotting time and growth factor release for a given application. While previous studies have assessed the impact of applying EPs of various durations either directly (conductive coupling) or indirectly (capacitive coupling) to PRP containing EC, no studies have assessed the tunability of this activation based on modifying EP parameters, EP delivery method (conductive or capacitive coupling), and the EC concentration. We hypothesize that tuning these parameters will modify intracellular calcium uptake to permit the control of growth factor release and clotting time, which are critical for optimizing PRP for either topical or internal clinical applications. A pilot study for a single donor demonstrates the potential for tunability as a function of the intensity of membrane manipulation and calcium concentration, which facilitate the increase of cytosolic calcium. This motivates future studies assessing EC and EP optimization and in vivo studies to determine the overall efficacy of this tunability for wound healing.
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