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Ma Z, Zhang YP, Liu W, Yan G, Li Y, Shields LBE, Walker M, Chen K, Huang W, Kong M, Lu Y, Brommer B, Chen X, Xu XM, Shields CB. A controlled spinal cord contusion for the rhesus macaque monkey. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:261-273. [PMID: 26875994 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo spinal cord injury (SCI) experimental models use rodents. Due to the anatomical and functional differences between rodents and humans, reliable large animal models, such as non-human primates, of SCI are critically needed to facilitate translation of laboratory discoveries to clinical applications. Here we report the establishment of a controlled spinal contusion model that produces severity-dependent functional and histological deficits in non-human primates. Six adult male rhesus macaque monkeys underwent mild to moderate contusive SCI using 1.0 and 1.5mm tissue displacement injuries at T9 or sham laminectomy (n=2/group). Multiple assessments including motor-evoked potential (MEP), somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP), MR imaging, and monkey hindlimb score (MHS) were performed. Monkeys were sacrificed at 6 months post-injury, and the lesion area was examined for cavitation, axons, myelin, and astrocytic responses. The MHS demonstrated that both the 1.0 and 1.5mm displacement injuries created discriminative neurological deficits which were severity-dependent. The MEP response rate was depressed after a 1.0mm injury and was abolished after a 1.5mm injury. The SSEP response rate was slightly decreased following both the 1.0 and 1.5mm SCI. MRI imaging demonstrated an increase in T2 signal at the lesion site at 3 and 6months, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography showed interrupted fiber tracts at the lesion site at 4h and at 6 months post-SCI. Histologically, severity-dependent spinal cord atrophy, axonal degeneration, and myelin loss were found after both injury severities. Notably, strong astrocytic gliosis was not observed at the lesion penumbra in the monkey. In summary, we describe the development of a clinically-relevant contusive SCI model that produces severity-dependent anatomical and functional deficits in non-human primates. Such a model may advance the translation of novel SCI repair strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Guofeng Yan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Melissa Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kemin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijing Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijing Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, SPHIS, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benedikt Brommer
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuejin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Wilson TW, Heinrichs-Graham E, Robertson KR, Sandkovsky U, O'Neill J, Knott NL, Fox HS, Swindells S. Functional brain abnormalities during finger-tapping in HIV-infected older adults: a magnetoencephalography study. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:965-74. [PMID: 23749418 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy, at least mild cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in HIV-infected patients, with an estimated prevalence of 35-70 %. Neuropsychological studies of these HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have documented aberrations across a broad range of functional domains, although the basic pathophysiology remains unresolved. Some of the most common findings have been deficits in fine motor control and reduced psychomotor speed, but to date no neuroimaging studies have evaluated basic motor control in HAND. In this study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to evaluate the neurophysiological processes that underlie motor planning in older HIV-infected adults and a matched, uninfected control group. MEG is a noninvasive and direct measure of neural activity with good spatiotemporal precision. During the MEG recording, participants fixated on a central crosshair and performed a finger-tapping task with the dominant hand. All MEG data was corrected for head movements, preprocessed, and imaged in the time-frequency domain using beamforming methodology. All analyses focused on the pre-movement beta desynchronization, which is known to be an index of movement planning. Our results demonstrated that HIV-1-infected patients have deficient beta desynchronization relative to controls within the left/right precentral gyri, and the supplementary motor area. In contrast, HIV-infected persons showed abnormally strong beta responses compared to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial prefrontal areas. In addition, the amplitude of beta activity in the primary and supplementary motor areas correlated with scores on the Grooved Pegboard test in HIV-infected adults. These results demonstrate that primary motor and sensory regions may be particularly vulnerable to HIV-associated damage, and that prefrontal cortices may serve a compensatory role in maintaining motor performance levels in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 988422 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Riazi M, Marcario JK, Samson FK, Kenjale H, Adany I, Staggs V, Ledford E, Marquis J, Narayan O, Cheney PD. Rhesus macaque model of chronic opiate dependence and neuro-AIDS: longitudinal assessment of auditory brainstem responses and visual evoked potentials. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:260-75. [PMID: 19283490 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our work characterizes the effects of opiate (morphine) dependence on auditory brainstem and visual evoked responses in a rhesus macaque model of neuro-AIDS utilizing a chronic continuous drug delivery paradigm. The goal of this study was to clarify whether morphine is protective, or if it exacerbates simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-related systemic and neurological disease. Our model employs a macrophage tropic CD4/CCR5 coreceptor virus, SIV(mac)239 (R71/E17), which crosses the blood-brain barrier shortly after inoculation and closely mimics the natural disease course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The cohort was divided into three groups: morphine only, SIV only, and SIV + morphine. Evoked potential (EP) abnormalities in subclinically infected macaques were evident as early as 8 weeks postinoculation. Prolongations in EP latencies were observed in SIV-infected macaques across all modalities. Animals with the highest cerebrospinal fluid viral loads and clinical disease showed more abnormalities than those with subclinical disease, confirming our previous work (Raymond et al., J Neurovirol 4:512-520, 1998; J Neurovirol 5:217-231, 1999; AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1163-1173, 2000). Although some differences were observed in auditory and visual evoked potentials in morphine-treated compared to morphine-untreated SIV-infected animals, the effects were relatively small and not consistent across evoked potential type. However, morphine-treated animals with subclinical disease had a clear tendency toward higher virus loads in peripheral and central nervous system tissues (Marcario et al., J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3:12-25, 2008) suggesting that if had been possible to follow all animals to end-stage disease, a clearer pattern of evoked potential abnormality might have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Riazi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
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Cheney PD, Riazi M, Marcario JM. Behavioral and neurophysiological hallmarks of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaque monkeys. J Neurovirol 2009; 14:301-8. [PMID: 18780231 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macaque monkeys infected with various neurovirulent forms of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) represent highly effective models, not only of systemic acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS), but also neuroAIDS. Behavioral studies with this model have clearly established that SIV-infected monkeys show both cognitive and motor impairments resembling those that have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans. This paper combines data from a number of behavioral studies in SIV-infected macaque monkeys to obtain an overall estimate of the frequency of impairments in various motor and cognitive domains. The results were then compared to similar data from studies of HIV-infected humans. Whereas cognitive functions are most commonly impaired in HIV-infected humans, motor function is the domain most commonly impaired in SIV-infected monkeys. Electrophysiological studies in SIV-infected macaques have revealed deficits in motor-, somatosensory-, visual-, and auditory-evoked potentials that also resemble abnormalities in human HIV infection. Abnormalities in motor-evoked potentials were among the most common evoked potential deficits observed. Although differences in behavioral profiles of human HIV disease and SIV disease in monkeys exist, the results, nevertheless, provide strong validation for the use of macaque models for translational studies of the virology, immunology, pathophysiology, and treatment of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cheney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7185, USA.
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Abstract
With the increased survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals resulting from therapy, disorders in other target organs of the virus, such as the brain, are becoming more prevalent. Here the author reviews his laboratory's work on the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/nonhuman model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has revealed unique characteristics of both the virus that infects the brain, and the innate and adaptive immune response within the central nervous system (CNS) to infection. Similar to findings in humans, neurocognitive/neurobehavioral disorders during the chronic phase of infection can be detected in monkeys, and recent findings reveal potential mechanisms of CNS damage due to the virus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Fox
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis of SIVmac infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 3:12-25. [PMID: 18247128 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is known to prevent the development of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and enhance expression of the CCR5 receptor in monocyte macrophages. We undertook a study to determine the effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. Hypothetically, the effect of morphine would be to prevent the development of CMI responses to SIV and to enhance the infection in macrophages. Sixteen Rhesus Macaques were divided into three experimental groups: M (morphine only, n = 5), VM (morphine + SIV, n = 6), and V (SIV only, n = 5). Animals in groups M and VM were given 2.5 mg/kg of morphine sulfate, four times daily, for up to 59 weeks. Groups VM and V were inoculated with SIVmacR71/17E 26 weeks after the beginning of morphine administration. Morphine prevented the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell CMI responses in contrast to virus control animals, all of which developed CMI. Whereas morphine treatment had no effect on viremia, cerebrospinal fluid viral titers or survival over the time course of the study, the drug was associated with a tendency for greater build-up of virus in the brains of infected animals. Histopathological changes in the brains of animals that developed disease were of a demyelinating type in the VM animals compared to an encephalitic type in the V animals. This difference may have been associated with the immunosuppressive effect of the drug in inhibiting CMI responses.
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Marcario JK, Manaye KF, SantaCruz KS, Mouton PR, Berman NEJ, Cheney PD. Severe subcortical degeneration in macaques infected with neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus. J Neurovirol 2005; 10:387-99. [PMID: 15765810 DOI: 10.1080/13550280490521131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans, causes a spectrum of neuropathology that includes alterations in behavior, changes in evoked potentials, and neuronal degeneration. In the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV infection, affected monkeys show clinical symptoms and neurological complications that mimic those observed in human neuro-AIDS. To investigate the relationship between morphological correlates and neurophysiological deficits, unbiased stereology was used to assess total neuron number, volume, and neuronal density for all neurons in the globus pallidus (GP) and for dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in eight macaques inoculated with macrophage-tropic, neurovirulent SIV (SIVmac R71/17E), and five control animals. There was a significant difference between rapid progressors and controls for both neuron number (P < .01) and neuronal density (P < .05) in the GP, and for neuron number (P < .05) in the SN. Neuron loss ranged from 6% to 70% in the GP and from 10% to 50% in the SN. Neuropathological analyses confirmed neuroAIDS-like changes in brain, including microglial nodules, extensive perivascular cuffing and/or the presence of multinucleated giant cells, and alterations in neuronal morphology in the majority of the rapid progressors. By comparison, slow progressors showed little, if any, neuropathology. These neuropathological changes in SIV-infected monkeys indicate that neuron death and morphological alterations in the basal ganglia may contribute to the motor impairments reported in the SIV model and, by analogy, in the subset of patients afflicted with motor impairment in human neuro-AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Marcario
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7185, USA.
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