1
|
Dolar-Szczasny J, Barańska A, Rejdak R. Evaluating the Efficacy of Teleophthalmology in Delivering Ophthalmic Care to Underserved Populations: A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093161. [PMID: 37176602 PMCID: PMC10179149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological advancement has brought commendable changes in medicine, advancing diagnosis, treatment, and interventions. Telemedicine has been adopted by various subspecialties including ophthalmology. Over the years, teleophthalmology has been implemented in various countries, and continuous progress is being made in this area. In underserved populations, due to socioeconomic factors, there is little or no access to healthcare facilities, and people are at higher risk of eye diseases and vision impairment. Transportation is the major hurdle for these people in obtaining access to eye care in the main hospitals. There is a dire need for accessible eye care for such populations, and teleophthalmology is the ray of hope for providing eye care facilities to underserved people. Numerous studies have reported the advantages of teleophthalmology for rural populations such as being cost-effective, timesaving, reliable, efficient, and satisfactory for patients. Although it is being practiced in urban populations, for rural populations, its benefits amplify. However, there are certain obstacles as well, such as the cost of equipment, lack of steady electricity and internet supply in rural areas, and the attitude of people in certain regions toward acceptance of teleophthalmology. In this review, we have discussed in detail eye health in rural populations, teleophthalmology, and its effectiveness in rural populations of different countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dolar-Szczasny
- Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Rejdak
- Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kiburg KV, Turner A, He M. Telemedicine and delivery of ophthalmic care in rural and remote communities: Drawing from Australian experience. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:793-800. [PMID: 35975938 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rural and remote communities in Australia are characterised by small but widely dispersed populations. This has been proven to be a major hurdle in access to medical care services with screening and treatment goals repeatedly being missed. Telemedicine in ophthalmology provides the opportunity to increase the availability of high quality and timely access to healthcare within. Recent years has also seen the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology, particularly in the screening of diseases. AI will hopefully increase the number of appropriate referrals, reduce travel time for patients and ensure timely triage given the low number of qualified optometrists and ophthalmologists. Telemedicine and AI has been introduced in a number of countries and has led to tremendous benefits and advantages when compared to standard practices. This paper summarises current practices in telemedicine and AI and the future of this technology in improving patient care in the field of ophthalmology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V Kiburg
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus Turner
- Lions Outback Vision, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeng F, Bonnell AC, O'Neil EC, Mehran NA, Kolomeyer NN, Brucker AJ, Kolomeyer AM. VISION-RELATED MALPRACTICE INVOLVING PRISONERS: Analysis of the Westlaw Database. Retina 2022; 42:816-821. [PMID: 35350052 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize vision-related malpractice litigation involving prisoners. METHODS Retrospective legal database review using the Westlaw database was performed to identify vision-related malpractice lawsuits involving prisoners in the United States from 1914 to 2020. Main outcomes and measurements were allegations of malpractice, verdicts, and settlements. RESULTS Sixty-four vision-related malpractice lawsuits involving prisoners were identified. Mean defendant age was 49 years (range, 28-74 years). Fifty-seven percent of the defendants were ophthalmologists and 43% were optometrists. The cases were most commonly from the South and Midwest (n = 19 [30%] for each). Allegations of malpractice included inadequate medical care or treatment refusal (n = 21 [33%]), failure to treat fully leading to continued suffering (n = 18 [28%]), and delay in treatment or referral (n = 17 [27%]). Retina-related diagnoses were most common (n = 18 [28%]). Forty-six (72%) cases were closed, 14 (22%) were open, and four (6.3%) were partially closed. Only two (3.1%) cases were decided in favor of the plaintiff. The most common reason for an unsuccessful suit was lack of deliberate indifference by the eye care professional (n = 21 [46%]). CONCLUSION The most common reasons for vision-related malpractice brought forth by prisoners were inadequate or incomplete eye care and treatment refusal. Retina was the most commonly involved subspecialty. However, the success rate of these suits was extremely low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Jeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alyssa C Bonnell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erin C O'Neil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikki A Mehran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Natasha N Kolomeyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Alexander J Brucker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anton M Kolomeyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia Retina Associates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walsh L, Hong SC, Chalakkal RJ, Ogbuehi KC. A Systematic Review of Current Teleophthalmology Services in New Zealand Compared to the Four Comparable Countries of the United Kingdom, Australia, United States of America (USA) and Canada. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:4015-4027. [PMID: 34675470 PMCID: PMC8500493 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s294428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over 700,000 New Zealanders (NZ), particularly elderly and Māori, live without timely access to specialist ophthalmology services. Teleophthalmology is a widely recognised tool that can assist in overcoming resource and distance barriers. Teleophthalmology gained unprecedented traction in NZ during the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown. However, its provision is still limited and there are equity issues. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review identifying, describing and contrasting teleophthalmology services in NZ with the comparable countries of Australia, USA, Canada and the United Kingdom. Methods The electronic databases Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google were systemically searched using the keywords: telemedicine, ophthalmology, tele-ophthalmology/teleophthalmology. The searches were filtered to the countries above, with no time constraints. An integrative approach was used to synthesise findings. Results One hundred and thirty-two studies were identified describing 90 discrete teleophthalmology services. Articles spanned from 1997 to 2020. Models were categorised into general eye care (n=21; 16%); emergency/trauma (n=6; 4.5%); school screening (n=25; 19%); artificial intelligence (AI) (n=23; 18%); and disease-specific models of care (MOC) (n=57; 43%). The most common diseases addressed were diabetic retinopathy (n=23; 17%); retinopathy of prematurity (n=9; 7%); and glaucoma (n=8; 6%). Programs were mainly centred in the US (n=72; 54.5%), followed by the UK (n=29; 22%), then Canada (n=16; 12%), Australia (n=13; 10%), with the fewest identified in NZ (n=3; 2%). Models generally involved an ophthalmologist consultative service, remote supervision and triaging. Most models involved local clinicians transmitting fed-forward or live images. Conclusion Teleophthalmology will likely play a crucial role in the future of eye care. COVID-19 has offered a unique opportunity to observe the use of teleophthalmology services globally. Feed-forward and, increasingly, live-based teleophthalmology services have demonstrated feasibility and cost-effectiveness in similar countries internationally. New Zealand’s teleophthalmology services, however, are currently limited. Investing in strategic partnerships and technology at a national level can advance health equities in ophthalmic care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Walsh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sheng Chiong Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Renoh Johnson Chalakkal
- Research and Development, oDocs Eye Care, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelechi C Ogbuehi
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Senanayake B, Wickramasinghe SI, Eriksson L, Smith AC, Edirippulige S. Telemedicine in the correctional setting: A scoping review. J Telemed Telecare 2018; 24:669-675. [DOI: 10.1177/1357633x18800858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The access healthcare services to inmates within correctional settings has generally been low and problematic due to specific nature of the prison setting. Telemedicine has been used as an alternative delivery mode. This study aimed to collate the current evidence related to the use of telemedicine to deliver health services within correctional settings. Methods A comprehensive search of seven databases – PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Informit, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO and Scopus, for peer-reviewed publications was conducted in April, 2018. Results Initial search identified 1147 articles. After review of the title and abstract, 36 articles were included in the final review. Of the included articles, 19 (53%) were published during the period of 2010-2018. Articles were predominantly from the USA ( n = 23; 64 %), France and Australia. There were 23 descriptive studies (64%), five costing studies (14%) five experimental studies (14%), two mixed methods (6%) and one qualitative study (3%). The experimental studies were predominantly focused on mental health services ( n = 4, 80%). The commonest telemedicine intervention used was synchronous videoconferencing ( n = 21, 58%), while eight articles (22%) described asynchronous interventions. Telemedicine interventions were mainly used for mental health ( n = 13), and ophthalmology ( n = 4) disciplines. Discussion In the right circumstances, telemedicine interventions within correctional settings seem to be a useful method in connecting inmates with essential health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buddhika Senanayake
- Centre for Online Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sumudu I Wickramasinghe
- Centre for Online Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Health Sciences Library, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony C Smith
- Centre for Online Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sisira Edirippulige
- Centre for Online Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor M, Caffery LJ, Scuffham PA, Smith AC. Economic modelling of telehealth substitution of face-to-face specialist outpatient consultations for Queensland correctional facilities. AUST HEALTH REV 2018; 42:522-528. [DOI: 10.1071/ah17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective
The provision of healthcare services to inmates in correctional facilities is costly and resource-intensive. This study aimed to estimate the costs of transporting prisoners from 11 Queensland correctional facilities to the Princess Alexandra Hospital Secure Unit (PAHSU) in Brisbane for non-urgent specialist outpatient consultations and identify the cost consequences that would result from the substitution of face-to-face visits with telehealth consultations.
Methods
A 12-month retrospective review of patient activity at the PAHSU was conducted to obtain the number of transfers per correctional facility. The total cost of transfers was calculated with estimates for transport vehicle costs and correctional staff escort wages, per diem and accommodation costs. A cost model was developed to estimate the potential cost savings from substituting face-to-face consultations with telehealth consultations. A sensitivity analysis on the cost variables was conducted. Costs are reported from a government funding perspective and presented in 2016 Australian dollars (A$).
Results
There were 3539 inmate appointments from July 2015 to June 2016 at the PAHSU, primarily for imaging, general practice, and orthopaedics. Telehealth may result in cost savings from negligible to A$969 731, depending on the proportion, and travel distance, of face-to-face consultations substituted by telehealth. Wages of correctional staff were found to be the most sensitive variable.
Conclusions
Under the modelled conditions, telehealth may reduce the cost of providing specialist outpatient consultations to prisoners in Queensland correctional facilities. Telehealth may improve the timeliness of services to a traditionally underserved population.
What is known about the topic?
Specialist medical services are located in only a few metropolitan centres across Australia, which requires some populations to travel long distances to attend appointments. Some face-to-face specialist outpatient consultations can be substituted by telehealth.
What does this paper add?
Prisoners from correctional facilities represent one specific population that requires complex travel arrangements for specialist medical appointments. Transportation of prisoners for specialist health appointments represents a substantial cost to the government. This paper quantifies the annual cost in Queensland for transporting prisoners, taking into account fuel and vehicle costs, staff wages, per diem rates, and accommodation. In addition, it quantifies the costs of substituting face-to-face consultations with telehealth consultations.
What are the implications for practitioners?
This research encourages practitioners to consider using telehealth services for prisoners, as well providing an argument for tertiary centres to include telehealth as a model of care for this population. Telehealth can result in major cost savings and state and federal governments should consider implementation especially in Australia where correctional facilities and specialist services are separated by great geographic distances.
Collapse
|
7
|
Caffery LJ, Taylor M, Gole G, Smith AC. Models of care in tele-ophthalmology: A scoping review. J Telemed Telecare 2017; 25:106-122. [DOI: 10.1177/1357633x17742182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify and describe telehealth models of care for ophthalmic services. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify how ophthalmic care can be delivered by telehealth. We searched the PubMed database to identify relevant articles which were screened based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. For included articles, data were extracted, categorised and analysed. Synthesis of findings was performed narratively. The scoping review included 78 articles describing 62 discrete tele-ophthalmic models of care. Tele-ophthalmic models of care can be used for consultative service, screening, triage and remote supervision. The majority of services were for general eye care and triage ( n = 17; 26%) or emergency services ( n = 8; 12%). The most common conditions for disease-specific models of care were diabetic retinopathy ( n = 14; 21%), and glaucoma ( n = 8; 12%). Most models of care involved local clinicians capturing images and transmitting them to an ophthalmologist for assessment. This scoping review demonstrated tele-ophthalmology to be feasible for consultation, screening, triage and remote supervision applications across a broad range of ophthalmic conditions. A large number of models of care have been identified and described in this review. Considerable collaboration between patient-end clinicians and substantial infrastructure is typically required for tele-ophthalmology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Caffery
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Monica Taylor
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen Gole
- Children’s Health Queensland, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Australia
| | - Anthony C Smith
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maa AY, Patel S, Chasan JE, Delaune W, Lynch MG. Retrospective Evaluation of a Teleretinal Screening Program in Detecting Multiple Nondiabetic Eye Diseases. Telemed J E Health 2017; 23:41-48. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2016.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- April Y. Maa
- Ophthalmology Division, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shivangi Patel
- Ophthalmology Division, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Joel E. Chasan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William Delaune
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Mary G. Lynch
- Ophthalmology Division, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tapp RJ, Svoboda J, Fredericks B, Jackson AJ, Taylor HR. Retinal Photography Screening Programs to Prevent Vision Loss from Diabetic Retinopathy in Rural and Urban Australia: A Review. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 22:52-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.988875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J. Tapp
- Indigenous Eye Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Jean Svoboda
- Indigenous Eye Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Bronwyn Fredericks
- Office of Indigenous Engagement, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia,
| | - A. Jonathan Jackson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
- Australian College of Optometry, National Vision Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia, and
- Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Hugh R. Taylor
- Indigenous Eye Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maa AY, Evans C, DeLaune WR, Patel PS, Lynch MG. A novel tele-eye protocol for ocular disease detection and access to eye care services. Telemed J E Health 2014; 20:318-23. [PMID: 24527668 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2013.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telemedicine can improve access to care, especially for rural patients, and ophthalmology is a field that lends itself readily to telemedicine because interpretation of photographs is a routine part of diagnosing eye disease and patient care. We developed a novel tele-eye protocol based on diabetic teleretinal screening. We performed a feasibility study to see if our tele-eye program was comparable to the gold standard face-to-face eye exam. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two subjects underwent the tele-eye protocol and then received a face-to-face exam. A masked reader reviewed the tele-eye data remotely and developed an impression and plan for the patient. The provider assessments from the face-to-face exams and the tele-eye exams were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and percentage agreement were calculated for the tele-eye protocol, focusing on the most common age-related eye diseases: cataract, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. The difference between the autorefraction and manifest eyeglass prescription was calculated. RESULTS The pilot study showed excellent percentage agreement between the screening protocol and the face-to-face exam. The percentage agreement for cataract was 100%, that for macular degeneration was 96%, and that for glaucoma suspect was 87%. The difference between the autorefraction's eyeglass prescription and the final manifest refraction was within American National Standards Institute for lens manufacturing guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The initial data suggest that the tele-eye program is feasible to execute and appears fairly accurate when compared with the gold standard face-to-face eye exam. However, the study is significantly limited by the small sample size. This pilot provides justification of a much larger study of a similar design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April Y Maa
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kelly SP, Wallwork I, Haider D, Qureshi K. Teleophthalmology with optical coherence tomography imaging in community optometry. Evaluation of a quality improvement for macular patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:1673-8. [PMID: 22174576 PMCID: PMC3236713 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe a quality improvement for referral of National Health Service patients with macular disorders from a community optometry setting in an urban area. Methods Service evaluation of teleophthalmology consultation based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography images acquired by the community optometrist and transmitted to hospital eye services. Results Fifty patients with suspected macular conditions were managed via telemedicine consultation over 1 year. Responses were provided by hospital eye service-based ophthalmologists to the community optometrist or patient within the next day in 48 cases (96%) and in 34 (68%) patients on the same day. In the consensus opinion of the optometrist and ophthalmologist, 33 (66%) patients required further “face-to-face” medical examination and were triaged on clinical urgency. Seventeen cases (34%) were managed in the community and are a potential cost improvement. Specialty trainees were supervised in telemedicine consultations. Conclusion Innovation and quality improvement were demonstrated in both optometry to ophthalmology referrals and in primary optometric care by use of telemedicine with spectral domain optical coherence tomography images. E-referral of spectral domain optical coherence tomography images assists triage of macular patients and swifter care of urgent cases. Teleophthalmology is also, in the authors’ opinion, a tool to improve interdisciplinary professional working with community optometrists. Implications for progress are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Kelly
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bennett TJ, Barry CJ. Ophthalmic imaging today: an ophthalmic photographer's viewpoint - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:2-13. [PMID: 18947332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic imaging has changed dramatically since the 1960s with increasingly complex technologies now available. Arguably, the greatest changes have been the development of the digital camera and the speed, processing power and storage of electronic data. Already, ophthalmic practices in many major institutions overseas have paperless medium storage and electronically generated reporting from all equipment that use a computer interface. It is hard to remember the widespread use of photographic film with its attendant costs, or even to remember the days before optical coherence tomography (OCT). These latest technical improvements in ophthalmic imaging are now standard in large Australian institutions and becoming more widespread in smaller private practices. The technicians that operate and maintain this ever-increasing plethora of gadgetry have seen their work practices change from the darkroom to the complexities of data-based imaging and storage. It is a fitting time to examine the contemporary state of ophthalmic imaging and what lies on the horizon as we move towards 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bennett
- Penn State Department of Ophthalmology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Doarn CR, Justis D, Chaudhri MS, Merrell RC. Integration of Telemedicine Practice Into Correctional Medicine: An Evolving Standard. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/107834580401100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Doarn
- Medical Informatics and Technology Applications Consortium, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Debbie Justis
- Medical Informatics and Technology Applications Consortium, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Muhammad S. Chaudhri
- Medical Informatics and Technology Applications Consortium, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Ronald C. Merrell
- Medical Informatics and Technology Applications Consortium, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bremner F, Kennedy C, Rees A, Acheson J, Murdoch I. Usefulness of teleconsultations in neuro-ophthalmology. J Telemed Telecare 2002; 8:305-6. [PMID: 12396861 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x0200800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
|