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Dupas T, Betus C, Blangy-Letheule A, Pelé T, Persello A, Denis M, Lauzier B. An overview of tools to decipher O-GlcNAcylation from historical approaches to new insights. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 151:106289. [PMID: 36031106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification which affects approximately 5000 human proteins. Its involvement has been shown in many if not all biological processes. Variations in O-GlcNAcylation levels can be associated with the development of diseases. Deciphering the role of O-GlcNAcylation is an important issue to (i) understand its involvement in pathophysiological development and (ii) develop new therapeutic strategies to modulate O-GlcNAc levels. Over the past 30 years, despite the development of several approaches, knowledge of its role and regulation have remained limited. This review proposes an overview of the currently available tools to study O-GlcNAcylation and identify O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Briefly, we discuss pharmacological modulators, methods to study O-GlcNAcylation levels and approaches for O-GlcNAcylomic profiling. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the methods used to study O-GlcNAcylation and to promote efforts in the development of new strategies to explore this promising modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dupas
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Charlotte Betus
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Pelé
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Persello
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manon Denis
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Fahie K, Narayanan B, Zahra F, Reeves R, Fernandes SM, Hart GW, Zachara NE. Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e129. [PMID: 34004049 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. These protocols cover simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1: Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau Fahie
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Fiddia Zahra
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Russell Reeves
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Current address: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steve M Fernandes
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Chatham JC, Zhang J, Wende AR. Role of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Protein Modification in Cellular (Patho)Physiology. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:427-493. [PMID: 32730113 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, the identification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins modified by a N-acetylglucosamine moiety (O-GlcNAc) via an O-linkage overturned the widely held assumption that glycosylation only occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory pathways. In contrast to traditional glycosylation, the O-GlcNAc modification does not lead to complex, branched glycan structures and is rapidly cycled on and off proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to contribute to numerous cellular functions, including signaling, protein localization and stability, transcription, chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. Dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases, such as diabetes, diabetic complications, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will outline our current understanding of the processes involved in regulating O-GlcNAc turnover, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cellular physiology, and how dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling contributes to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Kamemura K. O-GlcNAc glycosylation stoichiometry of the FET protein family: only EWS is glycosylated with a high stoichiometry. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:541-546. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1263148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Of the FET (fused in sarcoma [FUS]/Ewing sarcoma protein [EWS]/TATA binding protein-associated factor 15 [TAF15]) family of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle proteins, FUS and TAF15 are consistently and EWS variably found in inclusion bodies in neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with FUS. It is speculated that dysregulation of FET proteins at the post-translational level is involved in their cytoplasmic deposition. Here, the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation stoichiometry of the FET proteins was chemoenzymatically analyzed, and it was found that only EWS is dynamically glycosylated with a high stoichiometry in the neural cell lines tested and in mouse brain. It was also confirmed that EWS, but not FUS and TAF15, is glycosylated with a high stoichiometry not only in the neural cells but also in the non-neural cell lines tested. These results indicate that O-GlcNAc glycosylation imparts a physicochemical property on EWS that is distinct from that of the other FET proteins in most of cell lineages or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kamemura
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
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Kamemura K, Abe H. The glycosylation stoichiometry of EWS species in neuronal cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:165-167. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although Ewing sarcoma protein (EWS) is known to be glycosylated by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), the dynamics and stoichiometry of its glycosylation remain obscure. Here, we report a dynamic change in the glycosylation stoichiometry of EWS species during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Our findings suggest that O-GlcNAc glycosylation participates in the regulation of EWS functions in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kamemura
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
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Ma J, Hart GW. O-GlcNAc profiling: from proteins to proteomes. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:8. [PMID: 24593906 PMCID: PMC4015695 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) onto serine and threonine residues of proteins is an important post-translational modification (PTM), which is involved in many crucial biological processes including transcription, translation, proteasomal degradation, and signal transduction. Aberrant protein O-GlcNAcylation is directly linked to the pathological progression of chronic diseases including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Identification, site mapping, and quantification of O-GlcNAc proteins are a prerequisite to decipher their functions. In this review, we mainly focus on technological developments regarding O-GlcNAc protein profiling. Specifically, on one hand, we show how these techniques are being used for the comprehensive characterization of certain targeted proteins in which biologists are most interested. On the other hand, we present several newly developed approaches for O-GlcNAcomic profiling as well as how they provide us with a systems perspective to crosstalk amongst different PTMs and complicated biological events. Promising technical trends are also highlighted to evoke more efforts by diverse laboratories, which would further expand our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of protein O-GlcNAcylation in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.
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Paruchuri VDP, Zachara NE. Defining the heart and cardiovascular O-GlcNAcome: a review of approaches and methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:710. [PMID: 22187449 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.957779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata D P Paruchuri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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8
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Zachara NE, Vosseller K, Hart GW. Detection and analysis of proteins modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2011; Chapter 12:12.8.1-12.8.33. [PMID: 22045558 PMCID: PMC3349994 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1208s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. This unit covers simple and comprehensive techniques for identifying proteins modified by O-GlcNAc, studying the enzymes that add and remove O-GlcNAc, and mapping O-GlcNAc modification sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Zachara
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Keith Vosseller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zachara NE, Vosseller K, Hart GW. Detection and analysis of proteins modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; Chapter 17:Unit 17.6. [PMID: 21732316 PMCID: PMC3329785 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1706s95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. This unit covers simple and comprehensive techniques for identifying proteins modified by O-GlcNAc, studying the enzymes that add and remove O-GlcNAc, and mapping O-GlcNAc modification sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Zachara
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Keith Vosseller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common and complex forms of posttranslational modifications of proteins in eukaryotes. Seven different protein-carbohydrate linkages have been characterized on nuclear and cytoplasmic glycoproteins, the most widespread of which is the modification of Ser/Thr residues with monosaccharides of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAc modification is concentrated in nuclear proteins. O-GlcNAc is thought to regulate protein function in a manner analogous to phosphorylation; and is implicated in the regulation of transcription, the proteasome, insulin and MAP kinase signaling, the cell cycle, and the cellular stress response. In this chapter we focus on methods for the detection of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins and discuss general techniques for the detection and subsequent analysis of other protein-carbohydrate conjugates.
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Detecting the "O-GlcNAc-ome"; detection, purification, and analysis of O-GlcNAc modified proteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2009. [PMID: 19277546 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-022-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The modification of Ser and Thr residues of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins with a monosaccharide of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification of metazoans. Deletion of the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, is lethal in mammalian cells highlighting the importance of this post-translational modification in regulating cellular function. O-GlcNAc is believed to modulate protein function in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation. Notably, on some proteins O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate modify the same Ser/Thr residue, suggesting that a reciprocal relationship exists between these two post-translational modifications. In this chapter we describe the most robust techniques for the detection and purification of O-GlcNAc modified proteins, and discuss some more specialized techniques for site-mapping and detection of O-GlcNAc during mass spectrometry.
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O-GlcNAcylation is involved in the transcriptional activity of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing's sarcoma. Oncogene 2009; 28:1280-4. [PMID: 19151750 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The oncogene EWS-FLI1 encodes a chimeric transcription factor expressed in Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs). EWS-FLI1 target gene expression is thought to drive ESFT pathogenesis and, therefore, inhibition of EWS-FLI1 activity holds high therapeutic promise. As the activity of many transcription factors is regulated by post-translational modifications, we studied the presence of modifications on EWS-FLI1. The immuno-purified fusion-protein was recognized by an antibody specific for O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation, and bound readily to a phosphoprotein-specific dye. Inhibition of Ser/Thr-specific phophatases increased EWS-FLI1 molecular weight and reduced its O-GlcNAc content, suggesting that phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 interact dynamically. By mutation analysis, O-GlcNAcylation was delineated to Ser/Thr residues of the amino-terminal EWS transcriptional-activation domain. Metabolic inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway abrogated O-GlcNAcylation of EWS-FLI1 and interfered specifically with transcriptional activation of the EWS-FLI1 target Id2. These results suggest that drugs modulating glycosylation of EWS-FLI1 interfere functionally with its activity and might, therefore, constitute promising additions to the current ESFT chemotherapy.
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Lee JE, Mirza SP, Didier DN, Scalf M, Olivier M, Greene AS, Smith LM. Identification of cell surface markers to differentiate rat endothelial and fibroblast cells using lectin arrays and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8269-75. [PMID: 18821777 DOI: 10.1021/ac801390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells located at the inner surface of blood vessels are a key component in angiogenesis and are employed as a primary cell type in the study of angiogenesis. These endothelial cells are, however, easily contaminated with fibroblast cells, which are located in proximity to the endothelial cells, during their isolation from tissue. It is thus important to find markers to distinguish the two cell types. In the present work, lectin arrays were prepared using aldehyde-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and utilized to explore cell surface carbohydrate expression patterns on endothelial and fibroblast cells. It was found that the lectins Griffonia simplicifolia II (GS II) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I) selectively bind to rat fibroblast cells and not to rat endothelial cells. GS II-binding glycoproteins on fibroblast cells, which are potential cell surface markers to differentiate endothelial and fibroblast cells, were captured on a GS II lectin column and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Six candidate cell surface glycoproteins were identified. Differential expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis for two of these proteins, lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 and transmembrane glycoprotein NMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide posttranslational modification that modifies serine/threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins in metazoans. O-GlcNAc, like phosphorylation, is dynamic and responsive to numerous stimuli in diverse regulatory pathways. O-GlcNAc may also be found adjacent to or at the same sites as phosphorylation, demonstrating the potential for a reciprocal function on some of these proteins. Like most posttranslational modifications, O-GlcNAc is substoichiometric and may be found at multiple sites with other posttranslational modifications present. Additionally, there is no consensus sequence defining the addition of O-GlcNAc to the peptide backbone, further complicating identification and site mapping. This chapter describes several strategies to confirm that proteins are O-GlcNAc modified and provide subsequent determination of O-GlcNAc attachment sites. We have listed the strengths and limitations of each protocol to allow readers to decide which suits their system and availability of resources. These protocols include galactosyltransferase labeling, immunoblotting, using mass spectrometry based on beta-elimination followed by Michael addition with dithiothreitol, and chemoenzymatic labeling, enrichment, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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McAllister NR, Lessnick SL. The potential for molecular therapeutic targets in Ewing's sarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2006; 6:461-71. [PMID: 16242051 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-005-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is an uncompromising tumor of children and young adults. Before the introduction of chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma, nearly all patients succumbed to their disease, even with highly aggressive approaches to local control. The realization that most patients have micrometastatic disease at presentation, and the identification of active chemotherapeutic agents for this tumor, have resulted in significant improvements in patient survival. Modern therapy for Ewing's sarcoma combines high-dose chemotherapy for systemic control of disease, with advanced surgical and/or radiation therapeutic approaches for local control. Current therapy remains imperfect. Despite optimal management, the cure rate for localized disease is only approximately 70%, whereas the cure rate for metastatic disease at presentation is less than 30%. Patients who experience long-term disease-free survival are at risk for significant side effects of therapy, including infertility, limb dysfunction, and an increased risk for second malignancies. More effective and less toxic therapies are needed. This report presents an overview of dysregulated molecular pathways in Ewing's sarcoma and highlights the possibility that they may serve as therapeutic targets for the disease. Although a great deal of additional investigation is required before most of these approaches can be assessed in the clinic, we think that these potential new targets offer a great deal of hope for patients with Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R McAllister
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Room 4242, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Kovar H. Ewing tumor biology: perspectives for innovative treatment approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 532:27-37. [PMID: 12908547 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0081-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is a group of malignancies affecting bone and soft tissue in adolescents. It is characterized by a unique gene rearrangement between the EWS gene and an ets transcription factor gene. EFT can be cured with conventional multi modal treatment, however, about 40% of patients still succumb to the disease. Relapses can be observed more than 5 years after the end of primary treatment suggesting persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD). Due to the still enigmatic nature of EFT histogenesis the phenotype of EFT stem cells and of dormant tumor cells remains unknown. The most frequent fusion product associated with EFT, EWS-FLI1, is the founding member of a whole class of similarly structured chimeric proteins associated with a variety of human sarcomas and also specific leukemias. The corresponding gene rearrangement constitutes a rate limiting step in oncogenesis as implied by the high association of EFT with EWS-ETS fusions, strong selective pressure for maintenance of a correct reading frame in the tumors, and by experimental data confirming the transforming and tumorigenic potential of EWS-FLI1. Understanding the biology of EWS-ETS gene fusions and its interplay with essential cellular pathways regulating cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, genomic integrity, and treatment resistance may unravel specifically vulnerable sites for therapeutic targeting. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the EWS-FLI1 pathway in EFT and provides some ideas as to how this knowledge may be translated into innovative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
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Whelan SA, Hart GW. Proteomic approaches to analyze the dynamic relationships between nucleocytoplasmic protein glycosylation and phosphorylation. Circ Res 2003; 93:1047-58. [PMID: 14645135 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000103190.20260.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is both an abundant and dynamic posttranslational modification similar to phosphorylation that occurs on serine and threonine residues of cytosolic and nuclear proteins in all metazoans and cell types examined, including cardiovascular tissue. Since the discovery of O-GlcNAc more than 20 years ago, the elucidation of O-GlcNAc as a posttranslational modification has been slow, albeit similar to the rate of acceptance of phosphorylation, because of the lack of tools available for its study. Identifying O-GlcNAc posttranslational modifications on proteins is a major challenge to proteomics. The recent development of mild beta-elimination followed by Michael addition with dithiothreitol has significantly improved the site mapping of both O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate in functional proteomics. beta-Elimination followed by Michael addition with dithiothreitol facilitates the study of the labile O-GlcNAc modification in the etiology of disease states. We discuss how recent technological innovations will expand our present understanding of O-GlcNAc and what the implications are for diabetes and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Whelan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Md, USA
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