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Sherpa R, Devadas R, Bolbhat SN, Nikam TD, Penna S. Gamma Radiation Induced In-Vitro Mutagenesis and Isolation of Mutants for Early Flowering and Phytomorphological Variations in Dendrobium 'Emma White'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223168. [PMID: 36432897 PMCID: PMC9697006 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro mutagenesis offers a feasible approach for developing new orchid cultivars through genetic manipulation. In the present study, protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were exposed to gamma rays (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 Gy) to study in vitro growth responses and induction of mutants in Dendrobium ‘Emma White’. Both proliferation and regeneration of PLBs decreased progressively with increasing doses, except for a significantly enhanced growth response at 10 Gy. The optimal dose of gamma radiation for mutagenesis was found in the range 10 to 25 Gy based on the growth reduction curve. Analysis using a high-throughput cell analyzer revealed a significant reduction in nuclear DNA content at > 40 Gy doses. At 10 Gy treatment, the growth attributes, such as root length, plant height and leaf number, were significantly increased by 36%, 26% and 20%, respectively, compared to the control. This increase was significant over other tested doses as well. Testing of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers revealed the presence of detectable polymorphism among gamma mutant plantlets with a polymorphism information content value at 0.41. The gamma-ray-induced earliness in flower development was observed within 294 days post ex vitro growth of 10 Gy mutant compared to the control plants flowered after 959 days. Our results highlight the significance of gamma radiation in inducing enhanced growth, morphological variations and early floral initiation in Dendrobium, providing a basic framework for mutation breeding and improvement of orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Sherpa
- Department of Botany, Annasaheb Awate College, Manchar 410503, India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong 737106, India
| | - Ramgopal Devadas
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong 737106, India
| | | | | | - Suprasanna Penna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai 410206, India
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Wlodkowic D, Jansen M. High-throughput screening paradigms in ecotoxicity testing: Emerging prospects and ongoing challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135929. [PMID: 35944679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing number of new production chemicals coupled with stringent implementation of global chemical management programs necessities a paradigm shift towards boarder uses of low-cost and high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies as well as deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity that can be used in effective risk assessment. The latter will require automated acquisition of biological data, new capabilities for big data analysis as well as computational simulations capable of translating new data into in vivo relevance. However, very few efforts have been so far devoted into the development of automated bioanalytical systems in ecotoxicology. This is in stark contrast to standardized and high-throughput chemical screening and prioritization routines found in modern drug discovery pipelines. As a result, the high-throughput and high-content data acquisition in ecotoxicology is still in its infancy with limited examples focused on cell-free and cell-based assays. In this work we outline recent developments and emerging prospects of high-throughput bioanalytical approaches in ecotoxicology that reach beyond in vitro biotests. We discuss future importance of automated quantitative data acquisition for cell-free, cell-based as well as developments in phytotoxicity and in vivo biotests utilizing small aquatic model organisms. We also discuss recent innovations such as organs-on-a-chip technologies and existing challenges for emerging high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies. Lastly, we provide seminal examples of the small number of successful high-throughput implementations that have been employed in prioritization of chemicals and accelerated environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Marcus Jansen
- LemnaTec GmbH, Nerscheider Weg 170, 52076, Aachen, Germany
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Wilson RL, François M, Jankovic-Karasoulos T, McAninch D, McCullough D, Leifert WR, Roberts CT, Bianco-Miotto T. Characterization of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human placenta cell types across gestation. Epigenetics 2019; 14:660-671. [PMID: 31038385 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1609866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an important organ in pregnancy, however, very little is understood about placental development at a molecular level. This includes the role of epigenetic mechanisms and how they change throughout gestation. DNA methylation studies in this organ are complicated by the different cell types that make up the placenta, each with their own unique transcriptome and epigenome. Placental dysfunction is often associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE). Aberrant DNA methylation in the placenta has been identified in pregnancy complications. We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) to localize 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in placenta tissue from first and second trimester as well as uncomplicated term and PE samples. IHC analysis of whole placental tissues showed 5-mC increased across gestation. When cytotrophoblasts (CTB) and syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) were isolated and assessed using IF, both 5-mC and 5-hmC increased in term CTBs compared to first/second-trimester samples. Staining intensity of 5-hmC was higher in first/second trimester STBs compared to CTBs (P = 0.0011). Finally, IHC staining of term tissue from PE and uncomplicated pregnancies revealed higher 5-mC staining intensity in placentas from PE pregnancies (P = 0.028). Our study has shown increased 5-mC and 5-hmC staining intensities across gestation and differed between two trophoblast populations. Differences in DNA methylation profiles between placental cell types may be indicative of different functions and requires further study to elucidate what changes accompany placental pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- a Center for Fetal and Placental Research , Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Research Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Maxime François
- d CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Future Science Platforms Probing Biosystems , Adelaide , Australia.,e School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos
- b Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dale McAninch
- b Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dylan McCullough
- b Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- d CSIRO Health and Biosecurity , Future Science Platforms Probing Biosystems , Adelaide , Australia.,e School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Claire T Roberts
- b Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- c Robinson Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,f School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
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Cytotoxicity Test Based on Human Cells Labeled with Fluorescent Proteins: Fluorimetry, Photography, and Scanning for High-Throughput Assay. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 20:368-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mittler F, Obeïd P, Rulina AV, Haguet V, Gidrol X, Balakirev MY. High-Content Monitoring of Drug Effects in a 3D Spheroid Model. Front Oncol 2017; 7:293. [PMID: 29322028 PMCID: PMC5732143 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent decline in the discovery of novel medications challenges the widespread use of 2D monolayer cell assays in the drug discovery process. As a result, the need for more appropriate cellular models of human physiology and disease has renewed the interest in spheroid 3D culture as a pertinent model for drug screening. However, despite technological progress that has significantly simplified spheroid production and analysis, the seeming complexity of the 3D approach has delayed its adoption in many laboratories. The present report demonstrates that the use of a spheroid model may be straightforward and can provide information that is not directly available with a standard 2D approach. We describe a cost-efficient method that allows for the production of an array of uniform spheroids, their staining with vital dyes, real-time monitoring of drug effects, and an ATP-endpoint assay, all in the same 96-well U-bottom plate. To demonstrate the method performance, we analyzed the effect of the preclinical anticancer drug MLN4924 on spheroids formed by VCaP and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The drug has different outcomes in these cell lines, varying from cell cycle arrest and protective dormancy to senescence and apoptosis. We demonstrate that by using high-content analysis of spheroid arrays, the effect of the drug can be described as a series of EC50 values that clearly dissect the cytostatic and cytotoxic drug actions. The method was further evaluated using four standard cancer chemotherapeutics with different mechanisms of action, and the effect of each drug is described as a unique multi-EC50 diagram. Once fully validated in a wider range of conditions, this method could be particularly valuable for phenotype-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Obeïd
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Anastasia V. Rulina
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
- Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Haguet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
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Szabo M, Svensson Akusjärvi S, Saxena A, Liu J, Chandrasekar G, Kitambi SS. Cell and small animal models for phenotypic drug discovery. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1957-1967. [PMID: 28721015 PMCID: PMC5500539 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s129447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype-based drug discovery (PDD) approach is re-emerging as an alternative platform for drug discovery. This review provides an overview of the various model systems and technical advances in imaging and image analyses that strengthen the PDD platform. In PDD screens, compounds of therapeutic value are identified based on the phenotypic perturbations produced irrespective of target(s) or mechanism of action. In this article, examples of phenotypic changes that can be detected and quantified with relative ease in a cell-based setup are discussed. In addition, a higher order of PDD screening setup using small animal models is also explored. As PDD screens integrate physiology and multiple signaling mechanisms during the screening process, the identified hits have higher biomedical applicability. Taken together, this review highlights the advantages gained by adopting a PDD approach in drug discovery. Such a PDD platform can complement target-based systems that are currently in practice to accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Szabo
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell Biology
| | | | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell Biology
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Multi-parametric imaging of cell heterogeneity in apoptosis analysis. Methods 2017; 112:105-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Hammerstein AF, Wylie PG. Accurate Cytotoxicity and Proliferation Determination: Advantages of a High-Throughput Phenotypic Approach Over ATP Luminescence Assays. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:407-15. [PMID: 27504922 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell viability and proliferation assays are a fundamental tool in the drug discovery process and are used to evaluate both the antiproliferative potency and toxicity of compounds. Some lead discovery groups generate cell viability data for up to two million compounds per screen, so any method used to assess these parameters needs to deliver not only on data quality but also on throughput and assay cost per well. Most methods used to determine cell viability cannot deliver on all three of these requirements, so compromises have to be made. Here we show the development and implementation of a cost-effective, no-wash phenotypic assay to simultaneously report the number of cells, percentage of live cells, and cell cycle phase distribution as markers of proliferation and viability. We demonstrate that this assay can be applied to high-density plate formats and be imaged and analyzed in 8 min per plate on a laser scanning imaging cytometer. By comparing the drug-responses of several well-characterized anticancer drugs on HeLa cells, we highlight the key differences between the phenotypic assay and a commercial ATP luminescence detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G Wylie
- TTP Labtech Ltd. , Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, United Kingdom
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Li L, Zhou Q, Voss TC, Quick KL, LaBarbera DV. High-throughput imaging: Focusing in on drug discovery in 3D. Methods 2016; 96:97-102. [PMID: 26608110 PMCID: PMC4766031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
3D organotypic culture models such as organoids and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are becoming more widely used for drug discovery and toxicology screening. As a result, 3D culture technologies adapted for high-throughput screening formats are prevalent. While a multitude of assays have been reported and validated for high-throughput imaging (HTI) and high-content screening (HCS) for novel drug discovery and toxicology, limited HTI/HCS with large compound libraries have been reported. Nonetheless, 3D HTI instrumentation technology is advancing and this technology is now on the verge of allowing for 3D HCS of thousands of samples. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art high-throughput imaging systems, including hardware and software, and recent literature examples of 3D organotypic culture models employing this technology for drug discovery and toxicology screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Ty C Voss
- PerkinElmer Inc., 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Kevin L Quick
- PerkinElmer Inc., 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Daniel V LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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