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Yabar CA, Vilcarino GF, Espetia S, Lujan F, Vásquez-Domínguez A, Yaya M, Acuña M, Santos D, Mamani E, Rodriguez-Bayona R, Salvatierra J, Obregon G, Romero S, Cardenas F, Lopez P, Rivera-Amill V. Social, Epidemiological, and Virological Characteristics from Peruvian Subjects Living with HIV-1/AIDS with Different Sexual Risk Behavior. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:288-299. [PMID: 34569275 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance profile might change according to the risky sexual behavior of the host. To show this, we recruited 134 individuals between the years 2015 and 2017 identified as transgender women sex workers (TWSW, n = 73) and Heterosexual Military Officers (HET-MO, n = 61). After obtaining informed consent, we collected a blood sample to perform the HIV genotyping, CD4 cell count, and viral load. We used bioinformatics approaches for detecting resistance mutations and recombination events. Epidemiological data showed that both groups reported sexually transmitted diseases and they were widespread among TWSW, especially syphilis and herpes virus (35.6%). Illegal drugs consumption was higher among TWSW (71.2%), whereas condom use was inconsistent for both HET-MO (57.4%) and TWSW (74.0%). TWSW showed the shortest time exposition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (3.5 years) and the lowest access to ART (34.2%) that conducted treatment failure (>4 logs). HIV-1 sequences from TWSW and HET-MO were analyzed to determine the genetic diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance. Phylogeny analysis revealed 125 (93%) cases of subtype B, 01 subtype A (0.76%), 07 (5.30%) BF recombinants, and 01 (0.76%) AG recombinant. Also, TWSW showed a higher recombination index (9.5%, 7/73) than HET-MO (1.5%, 1/68). HET-MO only showed acquired resistance (26.23%, 16/61), whereas TWSW showed both acquired as transmitted resistance (9.59% for each). In conclusion, TWSW and HET-MO showed significant differences considering the epidemiological characteristics, genetic diversity, recombination events, and HIV resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Yabar
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, La Molina, Lima - Perú
| | - Giovanny Francesco Vilcarino
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Susan Espetia
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Fiorela Lujan
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Andres Vásquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Mariela Yaya
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Maribel Acuña
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Daniel Santos
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Edgardo Mamani
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | | | - Javier Salvatierra
- Servicio de ITS VIH, Centro de Salud, “Alberto Barton,” Callao, Lima - Perú
| | - George Obregon
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Soledad Romero
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Fany Cardenas
- Laboratorio de VTS/VIH-SIDA, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Chorrillos, Lima - Perú
| | - Pablo Lopez
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Vanessa Rivera-Amill
- Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Rangel HR, Bello G, Villalba JA, Sulbaran YF, Garzaro D, Maes M, Loureiro CL, de Waard JH, Pujol FH. The Evolving HIV-1 Epidemic in Warao Amerindians Is Dominated by an Extremely High Frequency of CXCR4-Utilizing Strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1265-8. [PMID: 26414846 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a high prevalence of HIV-1 infection in Warao Amerindians from Venezuela due to the rapid spread of a single B subtype strain. In this study we evaluated the coreceptor use of the HIV-1 strains infecting this Amerindian community. Sequences of the HIV-1 V3 loop from 56 plasma samples were genotyped for coreceptor use. An extremely high frequency of CXCR4 strains was found among HIV-1-infecting Waraos (47/49, 96%), compared to HIV-1 strains infecting the non-Amerindian Venezuelan population (35/79, 44%, p < 0.00001). Evolutionary analysis showed that a significant number of infections occurred between 1 and 12 months before collection and that a great proportion (50-70%) of HIV-1 transmissions occurred within the very early phase of infection (≤12 months). This is consistent with an initial infection dominated by an X4 strain or a very rapid selection of X4 variants after infection. This Amerindian population also exhibits the highest prevalence of tuberculosis in Venezuela, being synergistically bad prognostic factors for the evolution of morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R. Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratorio de AIDS e Inmunología Molecular Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julian A. Villalba
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yoneira F. Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Domingo Garzaro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mailis Maes
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen L. Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Flor H. Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Gräf T, Pinto AR. The increasing prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C in Southern Brazil and its dispersion through the continent. Virology 2012; 435:170-8. [PMID: 22999094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 has evolved swiftly and the scenario of HIV-1 genetic diversity is constantly changing. In South America, recombinant forms of subtypes B, F1, and BF1 have historically driven the HIV-1 epidemic. In recent years, however, infection with subtype C has gained prominence as its prevalence increased in Southern Brazil as well as neighboring countries. Current studies point to a single introduction of closely related strains as the beginning of the Brazilian subtype C epidemic. However, the place of origin of these strains, date, and route of introduction are under continuous debate as well as the clinical outcomes of the emergence of subtype C. Therefore, this paper reviews the history of the HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil, particularly in the Southern region, covering its demographic and evolutionary history and the possible implications to the Brazilian AIDS epidemic as well as to neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Rangel HR, Maes M, Villalba J, Sulbarán Y, de Waard JH, Bello G, Pujol FH. Evidence of at least two introductions of HIV-1 in the Amerindian Warao population from Venezuela. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40626. [PMID: 22808212 PMCID: PMC3395626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Venezuelan Amerindians were, until recently, free of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, in 2007, HIV-1 infection was detected for the first time in the Warao Amerindian population living in the Eastern part of Venezuela, in the delta of the Orinoco river. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 circulating in this population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The pol genomic region was sequenced for 16 HIV-1 isolates and for some of them, sequences from env, vif and nef genomic regions were obtained. All HIV-1 isolates were classified as subtype B, with exception of one that was classified as subtype C. The 15 subtype B isolates exhibited a high degree of genetic similarity and formed a highly supported monophyletic cluster in each genomic region analyzed. Evolutionary analyses of the pol genomic region indicated that the date of the most recent common ancestor of the Waraos subtype B clade dates back to the late 1990s. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE At least two independent introductions of HIV-1 have occurred in the Warao Amerindians from Venezuela. The HIV-1 subtype B was successfully established and got disseminated in the community, while no evidence of local dissemination of the HIV-1 subtype C was detected in this study. These results warrant further surveys to evaluate the burden of this disease, which can be particularly devastating in this Amerindian population, with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, among other infectious diseases, and with limited access to primary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R. Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mailis Maes
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Julian Villalba
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yoneira Sulbarán
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratorio de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flor H. Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail:
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Véras NMC, Gray RR, de Macedo Brígido LF, Rodrigues R, Salemi M. High-resolution phylogenetics and phylogeography of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C epidemic in South America. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1698-1709. [PMID: 21450946 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C (HIV-1C) represents 30-65% of HIV infections in southern Brazil, and isolated cases of HIV-1C infection have also been reported in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela. Phylogenetic studies have suggested that the Brazilian subtype C epidemic was initiated by the introduction of closely related strains. Nevertheless, because of sampling limitations, the point of entry and the timing of subtype C introduction into Brazil, as well as the origin of the founder lineage, remain controversial. The present study investigated the origin, spread and phylogeography of HIV-1C in South America. Phylogenetic analysis showed a well-supported monophyletic clade including all available strains from Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Only one lineage from Venezuela was unrelated to the epidemic involving the other three countries. Molecular clock and likelihood mapping analysis showed that HIV-1C introduction in Brazil dated back to the period 1960-1970, much earlier than previously thought, and was followed by a nearly simultaneous star-like outburst of viral lineages, indicating a subsequent rapid spread. Phylogeographic patterns suggested Paraná or Rio Grande do Sul as the possible entrance points of subtype C and an asymmetrical gene flow from Paraná to Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, as well as from Rio Grande do Sul to Sao Paulo fostered by the strong inter-connectivity between population centres in southern Brazil. The study illustrates how coupling phylogeography inference with geographical information system data is critical to understand the origin and dissemination of viral pathogens and potentially predict their future spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazle Mendonca Collaço Véras
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70919-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Rebecca R Gray
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Rosângela Rodrigues
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Service, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Ave. Dr Arnaldo 355, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Rangel HR, Garzaro D, Fabbro R, Martinez N, Ossenkop J, Torres JR, Gutiérrez CR, Pujol FH. Absence of primary integrase resistance mutations in HIV type 1-infected patients in Venezuela. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:923-6. [PMID: 20704494 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preexistence of mutations to integrase inhibitors in HIV-1-infected Venezuelan patients was evaluated. The integrase region of the HIV-1 genome was amplified by nested-PCR and sequenced in 57 isolates from both naive (n = 24) and treated patients who received protease and/or reverse transcriptase inhibitors (PI and RTI, n = 33), but were never exposed to integrase inhibitors. Only one primary integrase resistance mutation, not conferring drug resistance by itself, was found among these patients, although several minor viral mutations, equally distributed among naive and PI- and RTI-treated patients, were also found. In the limited number of samples, no relation was found among the presence of resistance mutations to PI or RTI and the presence of minor mutations to integrase. The absence of resistance to integrase inhibitors may be related to the recent introduction of these drugs in our country. The availability of in-house assays allows for a more comprehensive surveillance of drug resistance to integrase inhibitors in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R. Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Domingo Garzaro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Rona Fabbro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Nahir Martinez
- Sección de Infectología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - John Ossenkop
- Sección de Infectología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime R. Torres
- Sección de Infectología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Flor H. Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
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