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Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gibb M, He R, Petri-Fink A, Sayes CM. Human lung cell models to study aerosol delivery - considerations for model design and development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106337. [PMID: 36410570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human lung tissue models range from simple monolayer cultures to more advanced three-dimensional co-cultures. Each model system can address the interactions of different types of aerosols and the choice of the model and the mode of aerosol exposure depends on the relevant scenario, such as adverse outcomes and endpoints of interest. This review focuses on the functional, as well as structural, aspects of lung tissue from the upper airway to the distal alveolar compartments as this information is relevant for the design of a model as well as how the aerosol properties determine the interfacial properties with the respiratory wall. The most important aspects on how to design lung models are summarized with a focus on (i) choice of appropriate scaffold, (ii) selection of cell types for healthy and diseased lung models, (iii) use of culture condition and assembly, (iv) aerosol exposure methods, and (v) endpoints and verification process. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew Gibb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Ruiwen He
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
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Ponder J, Rajagopal R, Singal M, Baker N, Patlewicz G, Roggen E, Cochrane S, Sullivan K. “In Litero” Screening: Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Evidence to Establish a Reference List of Human Chemical Respiratory Sensitizers. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:916370. [PMID: 35910543 PMCID: PMC9335368 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.916370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of investigation, test methods to identify respiratory sensitizers remain an unmet regulatory need. In order to support the evaluation of New Approach Methodologies in development, we sought to establish a reference set of low molecular weight respiratory sensitizers based on case reports of occupational asthma. In this context, we have developed an “in litero” approach to identify cases of low molecular weight chemical exposures leading to respiratory sensitization in clinical literature. We utilized the EPA-developed Abstract Sifter literature review tool to maximize the retrieval of publications relevant to respiratory effects in humans for each chemical in a list of chemicals suspected of inducing respiratory sensitization. The literature retrieved for each of these candidate chemicals was sifted to identify relevant case reports and studies, and then evaluated by applying defined selection criteria. Clinical diagnostic criteria were defined around exposure history, respiratory effects, and specific immune response to conclusively demonstrate occupational asthma as a result of sensitization, rather than irritation. This approach successfully identified 28 chemicals that can be considered as human respiratory sensitizers and used to evaluate the performance of NAMs as part of a weight of evidence approach to identify novel respiratory sensitizers. Further, these results have immediate implications for the development and refinement of predictive tools to distinguish between skin and respiratory sensitizers. A comparison of the protein binding mechanisms of our identified “in litero” clinical respiratory sensitizers shows that acylation is a prevalent protein binding mechanism, in contrast to Michael addition and Schiff base formation common to skin sensitizers. Overall, this approach provides an exemplary method to evaluate and apply human data as part of the weight of evidence when establishing reference chemical lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ponder
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., DC, United States
| | | | - Madhuri Singal
- AeroTox Consulting Services, LLC, Montvale, NJ, United States
| | - Nancy Baker
- Leidos Contractor to the US EPA, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- US EPA, Research Triangle Park, Washington, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., DC, United States
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Johnson MB, Kingston R, Utell MJ, Wells JR, Singal M, Troy WR, Horenziak S, Dalton P, Ahmed FK, Herz RS, Osimitz TG, Prawer S, Yin S. Exploring the science, safety, and benefits of air care products: perspectives from the inaugural air care summit. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:12-24. [PMID: 30995882 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1597221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-one percent of US households purchase air care products. Air care products span a diverse range of forms, including scented aerosol sprays, pump sprays, diffusers, gels, candles, and plug-ins. These products are used to eliminate indoor malodors and to provide pleasant scent experiences. The use of air care products can lead to significant benefits as studies have shown that indoor malodor can cause adverse effects, negatively impacting quality of life, hygiene, and the monetary value of homes and cars, while disproportionately affecting lower income populations. Additionally, studies have also shown that scent can have positive benefits related to mood, stress reduction, and memory enhancement among others. Despite the positive benefits associated with air care products, negative consumer perceptions regarding the safety of air care products can be a barrier to their use. During the inaugural Air Care Summit, held on 18 May 2018 in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, multidisciplinary experts including industry stakeholders, academics, and scientific and medical experts were invited to share and assess the existing data related to air care products, focusing on ingredient and product safety and the benefits of malodor removal and scent. At the Summit's completion, a panel of independent experts representing the fields of pulmonary medicine, medical and clinical toxicology, pediatric toxicology, basic science toxicology, occupational dermatology and experimental psychology convened to review the data presented, identify potential knowledge gaps, and suggest future research directions to further assess the safety and benefits of air care products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Kingston
- b SafetyCall International, P.L.L.C. , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,c College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Mark J Utell
- d Department of Medicine and Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,e Occupational and Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - J R Wells
- f Gas and Vapor Team, Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Madhuri Singal
- g Inhalation Toxicology , Reckitt Benckiser, LLC , Montvale , NJ , USA
| | | | | | - Pamela Dalton
- i Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Farah K Ahmed
- j Fragrance Creators Association , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Rachel S Herz
- k Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,l Department of Psychology , Boston College , Boston , MA , USA.,m RSH Enterprises, LLC , Warwick , RI , USA
| | | | - Steven Prawer
- o Associated Skin Care Specialists , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,p Department of Dermatology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Shan Yin
- q Drug and Poison Information Center , Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,r Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Tsoutsoulopoulos A, Gohlsch K, Möhle N, Breit A, Hoffmann S, Krischenowski O, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Aufderheide M, Steinritz D. Validation of the CULTEX® Radial Flow System for the assessment of the acute inhalation toxicity of airborne particles. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:245-255. [PMID: 30890356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The CULTEX® Radial Flow System (RFS) is a modular in vitro system for the homogenous exposure of cells to airborne particles at the air-liquid interface (ALI). A former pre-validation study successfully demonstrated the general applicability of the CULTEX® RFS and its transferability, stability and reproducibility. Based on these results, the methodology was optimized, validated and prediction models for acute inhalation hazards were established. Cell viability of A549 cells after ALI exposure to 20 pre-selected test substances was assessed in three independent laboratories. Cytotoxicity of test substances was compared to the respective incubator controls and used as an indicator of toxicity. Substances were considered to exert an acute inhalation hazard when viability decreased below 50% (prediction model (PM) 50%) or 75% (PM 75%) at any of three exposure doses (25, 50 or 100 μg/cm2). Results were then compared to existing in vivo data and revealed an overall concordance of 85%, with a specificity of 83% and a sensitivity of 88%. Depending on the applied PM, the within-laboratory and between-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 90 to 100%. In summary, the CULTEX® RFS was proven as a transferable, reproducible and well predictive screening method for the qualitative assessment of the acute pulmonary cytotoxicity of airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Gohlsch
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Krischenowski
- Cultex® Laboratories GmbH, Hannover, Germany; Cultex® Technology GmbH (formerly Cultex® Laboratories GmbH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Aufderheide
- Cultex® Laboratories GmbH, Hannover, Germany; Cultex® Technology GmbH (formerly Cultex® Laboratories GmbH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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