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Spaziani M, Carlomagno F, Tarantino C, Angelini F, Vincenzi L, Gianfrilli D. New perspectives in functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: beyond late onset hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1184530. [PMID: 37455902 PMCID: PMC10344362 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH) is an increasingly frequent condition, whose pathological mechanisms are not yet fully clarified. The concept of FHH has now completely replaced that of late onset hypogonadism, that only concerned the ageing man. FHH is the result of an impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG-A) function, resulting in decreased testosterone concentrations associated with low or inappropriately normal gonadotropin levels and infertility; it can be diagnosed once organic causes of hypogonadism are excluded. The growing occurrence of FHH derives from its association with widespread conditions, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, but also to the increasing ease and frequency of use of several drugs, such as opioids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids. Moreover, given the tendency of many subjects to excessive physical activity and drastic reduction in caloric intake, FHH may also be secondary to low energy availability. Finally, the association with HIV infection should not be overlooked. Therefore, there is an important variability in the diseases that can lead to FHH. Despite the heterogeneity of the underlying pathologies, the mechanisms leading to FHH would seem quite similar, with the initial event represented by the impairment at the HPG-A level. Nevertheless, many different biological pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of FHH, therefore the aim of the current paper is to provide an overview of the main relevant mechanisms, through a detailed analysis of the literature, focusing specifically on pathogenesis and clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Spaziani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlomagno
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantino
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Vincenzi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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2
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Michalak A, Kasztelan-Szczerbińska B, Cichoż-Lach H. Impact of Obesity on the Course of Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193983. [PMID: 36235636 PMCID: PMC9573343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is already well-known that visceral adipose tissue is inseparably related to the pathogenesis, activity, and general outcome of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We are getting closer and closer to the molecular background of this loop, finding certain relationships between activated mesenteric tissue and inflammation within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, relatively new data have been uncovered, indicating a direct impact of body fat on the pattern of pharmacological treatment in the course of IBD. On the other hand, ileal and colonic types of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to be more diversified than it was thought in the past. However, the question arises whether at this stage we are able to translate this knowledge into the practical management of IBD patients or we are still exploring the scientific background of this pathology, having no specific tools to be used directly in patients. Our review explores IBD in the context of obesity and associated disorders, focusing on adipokines, creeping fat, and possible relationships between these disorders and the treatment of IBD patients.
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Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158194. [PMID: 35897769 PMCID: PMC9330735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic illness associated with several metabolic derangements and comorbidities (i.e., insulin resistance, leptin resistance, diabetes, etc.) and often leads to impaired testicular function and male subfertility. Several mechanisms may indeed negatively affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal health, such as higher testosterone conversion to estradiol by aromatase activity in the adipose tissue, increased ROS production, and the release of several endocrine molecules affecting the hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis by both direct and indirect mechanisms. In addition, androgen deficiency could further accelerate adipose tissue expansion and therefore exacerbate obesity, which in turn enhances hypogonadism, thus inducing a vicious cycle. Based on these considerations, we propose an overview on the relationship of adipose tissue dysfunction and male hypogonadism, highlighting the main biological pathways involved and the current therapeutic options to counteract this condition.
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Steiner BM, Berry DC. The Regulation of Adipose Tissue Health by Estrogens. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:889923. [PMID: 35721736 PMCID: PMC9204494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.889923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its' associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders are significant health problems confronting many countries. A major driver for developing obesity and metabolic dysfunction is the uncontrolled expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). Specifically, the pathophysiological expansion of visceral WAT is often associated with metabolic dysfunction due to changes in adipokine secretion profiles, reduced vascularization, increased fibrosis, and enrichment of pro-inflammatory immune cells. A critical determinate of body fat distribution and WAT health is the sex steroid estrogen. The bioavailability of estrogen appears to favor metabolically healthy subcutaneous fat over visceral fat growth while protecting against changes in metabolic dysfunction. Our review will focus on the role of estrogen on body fat partitioning, WAT homeostasis, adipogenesis, adipocyte progenitor cell (APC) function, and thermogenesis to control WAT health and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Berry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Lin Y, Wu D, Che L, Fang Z, Xu S, Feng B, Zhuo Y, Li J, Wu C, Zhang J, Li L. Dietary Fibre Supplementation Improves Semen Production by Increasing Leydig Cells and Testosterone Synthesis in a Growing Boar Model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:850685. [PMID: 35359689 PMCID: PMC8963373 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular development is imperative to spermatogenesis, and pre-puberty is the key period for testis development. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of fibre supplementation on testis development and its possible mechanism in a growing boar model. Thirty Yorkshire boars were randomly divided into a control group (Control) and a fibre group (Fibre) from day 0 to 90 after weaning, with three pigs per pen and five pens per treatment. Blood and testes were collected for analysis. Dietary fibre supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance, testicular volume, or libido but increased the semen production of boars. Boars fed with fibre had lower serum cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to those on the Control diet; however, testicular CHO, triglyceride (TG), and LDL concentration in the Fibre group were significantly higher than the Control group (P < 0.01). Testicular histological analysis showed that seminiferous tubules and testicular germ cells of 120-day-old boars were densely arranged in the Fibre group, and the number of Leydig cells was significantly higher than that of the Control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the diet supplemented with fibre significantly decreased leptin, leptin receptor (Leptor), and luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations in boar serum (P < 0.05), whereas follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone concentrations were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of AMH, AMHR2, and SYCP3 genes related to proliferation and differentiation, and hormone-related genes STAR and SOCS3, were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). OCCLUDIN expression was up-regulated, whereas CDH2 expression was down-regulated. In conclusion, increased fibre intake during the pre-puberty period in growing boar is crucial for Leydig cell proliferation, up-regulating the expression of genes related to hormone synthesis and thereby promoting the secretion of testosterone and semen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lin
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Lujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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6
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The role of leptin and low testosterone in obesity. Int J Impot Res 2022; 34:704-713. [DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Christakoudi S, Tsilidis KK, Evangelou E, Riboli E. Association of body-shape phenotypes with imaging measures of body composition in the UK Biobank cohort: relevance to colon cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1106. [PMID: 34654381 PMCID: PMC8518225 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference are strongly correlated and do not reflect body composition. A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and Hip Index (HI) define waist and hip size among individuals with the same weight and height and would thus reflect body density. We examined differences in body composition between body-shape phenotypes defined with ABSI and HI and used this information to propose explanations for associations between body-shape phenotypes and colon cancer risk. Methods We used data from the UK Biobank Resource for 15,520 men, 16,548 women with dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements; 3997 men, 4402 women with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements; 200,289 men, 230,326 women followed-up for colon cancer. We defined body-shape phenotypes as: large-ABSI-small-HI (“apple”), small-ABSI-large-HI (“pear”), small-ABSI-small-HI (“slim”), large-ABSI-large-HI (“wide”). We evaluated differences in body composition in linear models and associations with colon cancer risk in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders and explored heterogeneity by BMI. Results Among individuals with the same height and weight, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was lowest for “pear” and highest for “apple”, while abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) was lowest for “slim” and highest for “wide” phenotype. In the gynoid region, differences between “apple” and “pear” phenotypes were accounted for mainly by fat mass in women but by lean mass in men. In men, lean mass was inversely associated with waist size, while the pattern of gynoid fat resembled ASAT in women. Lean and fat mass were higher for higher BMI, but not hand grip strength. Compared to normal weight “pear”, the risk of colon cancer in men (1029 cases) was higher for “apple” phenotype for normal weight (hazard ratio HR = 1.77; 95% confidence interval: 1.16–2.69) and comparably for overweight and obese, higher for “wide” phenotype for overweight (HR = 1.60; 1.14–2.24) and comparably for obese, but higher for “slim” phenotype only for obese (HR = 1.98; 1.35–2.88). Associations with colon cancer risk in women (889 cases) were weaker. Conclusions ABSI-by-HI body-shape phenotypes provide information for body composition. Colon cancer risk in men appears related to ASAT quantity for “slim” and “wide” but to factors determining VAT accumulation for “apple” phenotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08820-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk place, London, W2 1PG, UK. .,MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Harries V, Bribiescas RG. Replicability of leptin associations with testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in healthy Ache men of Paraguay: A multiple daily assessment. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23638. [PMID: 34213036 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations between leptin and male reproductive hormone levels have been reported in men. However, few of these investigations have focused on associations in healthy men without obesity or overweight or nonindustrial societies. METHODS We test hypotheses that leptin is associated with testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) within healthy Ache men, an indigenous nonindustrialized South American community using archived data. RESULTS Archived data of serum FSH, LH, leptin, and salivary testosterone and estradiol levels collected from healthy Ache men (n = 17, mean age = 37.1 ± 14.2) on two separate days revealed leptin was correlated with FSH (D1 p = .07, D2 p = .009) and PM testosterone (TsalPM, D1 p = .05, D2 p = .05). However, controlling for age, associations with FSH were not significant. Mean comparisons and linear regression of values over 2 days resulted in leptin (t = 0.08, p = .94, r2 = .58, p = .0009), LH (t = 1.16, p = .26, r2 = .11, p = .27), FSH (U = 131.5, p = .88, r2 = .63, p = .0002), AM testosterone (TsalAM, t = 4.0, p = .001, r2 = .02, p = 0.75), and TsalPM (t = 2.99, p = .01, r2 = .56, p = .01). CONCLUSION We conclude (a) FSH, TsalPM, and leptin levels within individual men are relatively invariant over a span of days; (b) despite small sample sizes, results suggest ecological and lifestyle variation can contribute to variation in leptin associations with male reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Harries
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Vacca V, Marinelli S, De Angelis F, Angelini DF, Piras E, Battistini L, Pavone F, Coccurello R. Sexually Dimorphic Immune and Neuroimmune Changes Following Peripheral Nerve Injury in Mice: Novel Insights for Gender Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094397. [PMID: 33922372 PMCID: PMC8122838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NeP) in humans is often a life-long condition with no effective therapy available. The higher incidence of female gender in NeP onset is worldwide reported, and although the cause is generally attributed to sex hormones, the actual mechanisms and the players involved are still unclear. Glial and immune cells take part in NeP development, and orchestrate the neuroimmune and inflammatory response, releasing pro-inflammatory factors with chemoattractant properties that activate resident immune cells and recruit immune cells from circulation. The neuro-immune crosstalk is a key contributor to pain hypersensitivity following peripheral nervous system injury. Our previous works showed that in spite of the fact that female mice had an earlier analgesic response than males following nerve lesion, the recovery from NeP was never complete, suggesting that this difference could occur in the very early stages after injury. To further investigate gender differences in immune and neuroimmune responses to NeP, we studied the main immune cells and mediators elicited both in plasma and sciatic nerves by peripheral nerve lesion. After injury, we found a different pattern of distribution of immune cell populations showing either a higher infiltration of T cells in nerves from females or a higher infiltration of macrophages in nerves from males. Moreover, in comparison to male mice, the levels of cytokines and chemokines were differently up- and down-regulated in blood and nerve lysates from female mice. Our study provides some novel insights for the understanding of gender-associated differences in the generation and perseveration of NeP as well as for the isolation of specific neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying NeP. The identification of gender-associated inflammatory profiles in neuropathy is of key importance for the development of differential biomarkers and gender-specific personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vacca
- CNR-National Research Council, CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (S.M.); (F.D.A.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Sara Marinelli
- CNR-National Research Council, CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (S.M.); (F.D.A.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Federica De Angelis
- CNR-National Research Council, CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (S.M.); (F.D.A.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Eleonora Piras
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Battistini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Flaminia Pavone
- CNR-National Research Council, CNR, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (S.M.); (F.D.A.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (D.F.A.); (E.P.); (L.B.)
- CNR-National Research Council, CNR, Institute for Complex System (ISC), via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (R.C.)
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10
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Zhang Y, Li X, Yao X, Yang Y, Ning X, Zhao T, Xia L, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu H. Do Leptin Play a Role in Metabolism-Related Psychopathological Symptoms? Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:710498. [PMID: 34566714 PMCID: PMC8460901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Leptin is a crucial regulator of energy balance and is associated with obesity. In recent years, it has also been recognized as involved in the psychopathological mechanism. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationships between serum leptin levels, body mass index (BMI), and psychopathology symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: A cross-sectional assessment of 324 inpatients with schizophrenia was conducted. Schizophrenia symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum leptin levels were assessed by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Significant differences in sex, BMI, and negative symptom subscale (PANSS-N) scores were found between the groups with high and low leptin levels in the study. Leptin levels were positively correlated with BMI (B = 2.322, t = 9.557, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with PANSS-N scores (B = -0.303, t = -2.784, P = 0.006). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the increase in leptin levels is responsible for antipsychotic-induced weight gain and improved psychopathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianhu Yao
- Maanshan Fourth People's Hospital, Maanshan, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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