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Kreiman AN, Garner SE, Carroll SC, Sutherland MC. Biochemical mapping reveals a conserved heme transport mechanism via CcmCD in System I bacterial cytochrome c biogenesis. mBio 2025; 16:e0351524. [PMID: 40167305 PMCID: PMC12077264 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03515-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Heme is a redox-active cofactor for essential processes across all domains of life. Heme's redox capabilities are responsible for its biological significance but also make it highly cytotoxic, requiring tight intracellular regulation. Thus, the mechanisms of heme trafficking are still not well understood. To address this, the bacterial cytochrome c biogenesis pathways are being developed into model systems to elucidate mechanisms of heme trafficking. These pathways function to attach heme to apocytochrome c, which requires the transport of heme from inside to outside of the cell. Here, we focus on the System I pathway (CcmABCDEFGH) which is proposed to function in two steps: CcmABCD transports heme across the membrane and attaches it to CcmE. HoloCcmE then transports heme to the holocytochrome c synthase, CcmFH, for attachment to apocytochrome c. To interrogate heme transport across the membrane, we focus on CcmCD, which can form holoCcmE independent of CcmAB, leading to the hypothesis that CcmCD is a heme transporter. A structure-function analysis via cysteine/heme crosslinking identified a heme acceptance domain and heme transport channel in CcmCD. Bioinformatic analysis and structural predictions across prokaryotic organisms determined that the heme acceptance domains are structurally variable, potentially to interact with diverse heme delivery proteins. In contrast, the CcmC transmembrane heme channel is structurally conserved, indicating a common mechanism for transmembrane heme transport. We provide direct biochemical evidence mapping the CcmCD heme channel and providing insights into general mechanisms of heme trafficking by other putative heme transporters. IMPORTANCE Heme is a biologically important cofactor for proteins involved with essential cellular functions, such as oxygen transport and energy production. Heme can also be toxic to cells and thus requires tight regulation and specific trafficking pathways. As a result, much effort has been devoted to understanding how this important, yet cytotoxic, molecule is transported. While several heme transporters/importers/exporters have been identified, the biochemical mechanisms of transport are not well understood, representing a major knowledge gap. Here, the bacterial cytochrome c biogenesis pathway, System I (CcmABCDEFGH), is used to elucidate the transmembrane transport of heme via CcmCD. We utilize a cysteine/heme crosslinking approach, which can trap endogenous heme in specific domains, to biochemically map the heme transport channel in CcmCD, demonstrating that CcmCD is a heme transporter. These results suggest a model for heme trafficking by other heme transporters in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N. Kreiman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sarah E. Garner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Susan C. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Molly C. Sutherland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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2
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Guo Q, Xu J, Li J, Tang S, Cheng Y, Gao B, Xiong LB, Xiong J, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Synergistic increase in coproporphyrin III biosynthesis by mitochondrial compartmentalization in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:834-841. [PMID: 39113689 PMCID: PMC11305229 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Coproporphyrin III (CP III), a natural porphyrin derivative, has extensive applications in the biomedical and material industries. S. cerevisiae has previously been engineered to highly accumulate the CP III precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) through the C4 pathway. In this study, a combination of cytoplasmic metabolic engineering and mitochondrial compartmentalization was used to enhance CP III production in S. cerevisiae. By integrating pathway genes into the chromosome, the CP III titer gradually increased to 32.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in shake flask cultivation. Nevertheless, increasing the copy number of pathway genes did not consistently enhance CP III synthesis. Hence, the partial synthesis pathway was compartmentalized in mitochondria to evaluate its effectiveness in increasing CP III production. Subsequently, by superimposing the mitochondrial compartmentalization strategy on cytoplasmic metabolic engineered strains, the CP III titer was increased to 64.3 ± 1.9 mg/L. Furthermore, augmenting antioxidant pathway genes to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels effectively improved the growth of engineered strains, resulting in a further increase in the CP III titer to 82.9 ± 1.4 mg/L. Fed-batch fermentations in a 5 L bioreactor achieved a titer of 402.8 ± 9.3 mg/L for CP III. This study provides a new perspective on engineered yeast for the microbial production of porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Guo
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jiacun Li
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuyan Tang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuhui Cheng
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, TongJi University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Yang S, Guo Z, Sun J, Wei J, Ma Q, Gao X. Recent advances in microbial synthesis of free heme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:68. [PMID: 38194135 PMCID: PMC10776470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin compound widely used in the fields of healthcare, food, and medicine. Compared to animal blood extraction, it is more advantageous to develop a microbial cell factory to produce heme. However, heme biosynthesis in microorganisms is tightly regulated, and its accumulation is highly cytotoxic. The current review describes the biosynthetic pathway of free heme, its fermentation production using different engineered bacteria constructed by metabolic engineering, and strategies for further improving heme synthesis. Heme synthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis was modified utilizing genome-editing technology, resulting in significantly improved heme synthesis and secretion abilities. This technique avoided the use of multiple antibiotics and enhanced the genetic stability of strain. Hence, engineered B. subtilis could be an attractive cell factory for heme production. Further studies should be performed to enhance the expression of heme synthetic module and optimize the expression of heme exporter and fermentation processes, such as iron supply. KEY POINTS: • Strengthening the heme biosynthetic pathway can significantly increase heme production. • Heme exporter overexpression helps to promote heme secretion, thereby further promoting excessive heme synthesis. • Engineered B. subtilis is an attractive alternative for heme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Zihao Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jiuyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jingxuan Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Qinyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255000, China.
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Kim DH, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Ha SD, Choi C, Choi IS. Hemin as a novel candidate for treating COVID-19 via heme oxygenase-1 induction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21462. [PMID: 34728736 PMCID: PMC8563742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). More than 143 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported to date, with the global death rate at 2.13%. Currently, there are no licensed therapeutics for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral effects of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme that inhibits the inflammatory response and reduces oxidative stress, have been investigated in several viral infections. To confirm whether HO-1 suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection, we assessed the antiviral activity of hemin, an effective and safe HO-1 inducer, in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that treatment with hemin efficiently suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication (selectivity index: 249.7012). Besides, the transient expression of HO-1 using an expression vector also suppressed the growth of the virus in cells. Free iron and biliverdin, which are metabolic byproducts of heme catalysis by HO-1, also suppressed the viral infection. Additionally, hemin indirectly increased the expression of interferon-stimulated proteins known to restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication. Overall, the findings suggested that HO-1, induced by hemin, effectively suppressed SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Therefore, HO-1 could be potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Yoon Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Molecular Pathways and Pigments Underlying the Colors of the Pearl Oyster Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii (Linnaeus 1758). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030421. [PMID: 33804186 PMCID: PMC7998362 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The shell color of the Mollusca has attracted naturalists and collectors for hundreds of years, while the molecular pathways regulating pigment production and the pigments themselves remain poorly described. In this study, our aim was to identify the main pigments and their molecular pathways in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera—the species displaying the broadest range of colors. Three inner shell colors were investigated—red, yellow, and green. To maximize phenotypic homogeneity, a controlled population approach combined with common garden conditioning was used. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes (RNA-seq) of P. margaritifera with different shell colors revealed the central role of the heme pathway, which is involved in the production of red (uroporphyrin and derivates), yellow (bilirubin), and green (biliverdin and cobalamin forms) pigments. In addition, the Raper–Mason, and purine metabolism pathways were shown to produce yellow pigments (pheomelanin and xanthine) and the black pigment eumelanin. The presence of these pigments in pigmented shell was validated by Raman spectroscopy. This method also highlighted that all the identified pathways and pigments are expressed ubiquitously and that the dominant color of the shell is due to the preferential expression of one pathway compared with another. These pathways could likely be extrapolated to many other organisms presenting broad chromatic variation.
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Kopacz A, Klóska D, Werner E, Hajduk K, Grochot-Przęczek A, Józkowicz A, Piechota-Polańczyk A. A Dual Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Normolipidemic Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010163. [PMID: 33467682 PMCID: PMC7830394 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) bears a high risk of rupture and sudden death of the patient. The pathogenic mechanisms of AAA remain elusive, and surgical intervention represents the only treatment option. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme degrading enzyme, is induced in AAA, both in mice and humans. HO-1 was reported to mitigate AAA development in an angiotensin II (AngII)-induced model of AAA in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice. Since the role of hyperlipidaemia in the pathogenesis of AAA remains controversial, we aimed to evaluate the significance of HO-1 in the development and progression of AAA in normolipidemic animals. The experiments were performed in HO-1-deficient mice and their wild-type counterparts. We demonstrated in non-hypercholesterolemic mice that the high-dose of AngII leads to the efficient formation of AAA, which is attenuated by HO-1 deficiency. Yet, if formed, they are significantly more prone to rupture upon HO-1 shortage. Differential susceptibility to AAA formation does not rely on enhanced inflammatory response or oxidative stress. AAA-resistant mice are characterized by an increase in regulators of aortic remodeling and angiotensin receptor-2 expression, significant medial thickening, and delayed blood pressure elevation in response to AngII. To conclude, we unveil a dual role of HO-1 deficiency in AAA in normolipidemic mice, where it protects against AAA development, but exacerbates the state of formed AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kopacz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
| | - Damian Klóska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
| | - Ewa Werner
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomic, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Hajduk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Grochot-Przęczek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Piechota-Polańczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.K.); (E.W.); (K.H.); (A.G.-P.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Chambers IG, Willoughby MM, Hamza I, Reddi AR. One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them: The trafficking of heme without deliverers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118881. [PMID: 33022276 PMCID: PMC7756907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme, as a hydrophobic iron-containing organic ring, is lipid soluble and can interact with biological membranes. The very same properties of heme that nature exploits to support life also renders heme potentially cytotoxic. In order to utilize heme, while also mitigating its toxicity, cells are challenged to tightly control the concentration and bioavailability of heme. On the bright side, it is reasonable to envision that, analogous to other transition metals, a combination of membrane-bound transporters, soluble carriers, and chaperones coordinate heme trafficking to subcellular compartments. However, given the dual properties exhibited by heme as a transition metal and lipid, it is compelling to consider the dark side: the potential role of non-proteinaceous biomolecules including lipids and nucleic acids that bind, sequester, and control heme trafficking and bioavailability. The emergence of inter-organellar membrane contact sites, as well as intracellular vesicles derived from various organelles, have raised the prospect that heme can be trafficked through hydrophobic channels. In this review, we aim to focus on heme delivery without deliverers - an alternate paradigm for the regulation of heme homeostasis through chaperone-less pathways for heme trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Chambers
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Mathilda M Willoughby
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America.
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Wijnsma KL, Veissi ST, de Wijs S, van der Velden T, Volokhina EB, Wagener FADTG, van de Kar NCAJ, van den Heuvel LP. Heme as Possible Contributing Factor in the Evolvement of Shiga-Toxin Escherichia coli Induced Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:547406. [PMID: 33414780 PMCID: PMC7783363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.547406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic-uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in children. Stx-mediated endothelial injury initiates the cascade leading to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), still the exact pathogenesis remains elusive. Interestingly, there is wide variability in clinical presentation and outcome. One explanation for this could be the enhancement of TMA through other factors. We hypothesize that heme, as released during extensive hemolysis, contributes to the etiology of TMA. Plasma levels of heme and its scavenger hemopexin and degrading enzyme heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured in 48 STEC-HUS patients. Subsequently, the effect of these disease-specific heme concentrations, in combination with Stx, was assessed on primary human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs). Significantly elevated plasma heme levels up to 21.2 µM were found in STEC-HUS patients compared to controls and were inversely correlated with low or depleted plasma hemopexin levels (R2 −0.74). Plasma levels of HO-1 are significantly elevated compared to controls. Interestingly, especially patients with high heme levels (n = 12, heme levels above 75 quartile range) had high plasma HO-1 levels with median of 332.5 (86–720) ng/ml (p = 0.008). Furthermore, heme is internalized leading to a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production and stimulated both nuclear translocation of NF-κB and increased levels of its target gene (tissue factor). In conclusion, we are the first to show elevated heme levels in patients with STEC-HUS. These increased heme levels mediate endothelial injury by promoting oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state. Hence, heme may be a contributing and driving factor in the pathogenesis of STEC-HUS and could potentially amplify the cascade leading to TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kioa L Wijnsma
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Susan T Veissi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sem de Wijs
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thea van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elena B Volokhina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Li Y, Ivica NA, Dong T, Papageorgiou DP, He Y, Brown DR, Kleyman M, Hu G, Chen WW, Sullivan LB, Del Rosario A, Hammond PT, Vander Heiden MG, Chen J. MFSD7C switches mitochondrial ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in response to heme. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4837. [PMID: 32973183 PMCID: PMC7515921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthesis and thermogenesis are two critical outputs of mitochondrial respiration. How these outputs are regulated to balance the cellular requirement for energy and heat is largely unknown. Here we show that major facilitator superfamily domain containing 7C (MFSD7C) uncouples mitochondrial respiration to switch ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in response to heme. When heme levels are low, MSFD7C promotes ATP synthesis by interacting with components of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes III, IV, and V, and destabilizing sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2b (SERCA2b). Upon heme binding to the N-terminal domain, MFSD7C dissociates from ETC components and SERCA2b, resulting in SERCA2b stabilization and thermogenesis. The heme-regulated switch between ATP synthesis and thermogenesis enables cells to match outputs of mitochondrial respiration to their metabolic state and nutrient supply, and represents a cell intrinsic mechanism to regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nikola A Ivica
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ting Dong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yanpu He
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas R Brown
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marianna Kleyman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Walter W Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Boston Combined Residency Program, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amanda Del Rosario
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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10
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Carr JF, Garcia D, Scaffa A, Peterson AL, Ghio AJ, Dennery PA. Heme Oxygenase-1 Supports Mitochondrial Energy Production and Electron Transport Chain Activity in Cultured Lung Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186941. [PMID: 32971746 PMCID: PMC7554745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 is induced by many cellular stressors and catalyzes the breakdown of heme to generate carbon monoxide and bilirubin, which confer cytoprotection. The role of HO-1 likely extends beyond the simple production of antioxidants, for example HO-1 activity has also been implicated in metabolism, but this function remains unclear. Here we used an HO-1 knockout lung cell line to further define the contribution of HO-1 to cellular metabolism. We found that knockout cells exhibit reduced growth and mitochondrial respiration, measured by oxygen consumption rate. Specifically, we found that HO-1 contributed to electron transport chain activity and utilization of certain mitochondrial fuels. Loss of HO-1 had no effect on intracellular non-heme iron concentration or on proteins whose levels and activities depend on available iron. We show that HO-1 supports essential functions of mitochondria, which highlights the protective effects of HO-1 in diverse pathologies and tissue types. Our results suggest that regulation of heme may be an equally significant role of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Carr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA; (J.F.C.); (A.L.P.)
| | - David Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Alejandro Scaffa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Abigail L. Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA; (J.F.C.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Andrew J. Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Phyllis A. Dennery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA; (J.F.C.); (A.L.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-444-5648
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11
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Martinez-Guzman O, Willoughby MM, Saini A, Dietz JV, Bohovych I, Medlock AE, Khalimonchuk O, Reddi AR. Mitochondrial-nuclear heme trafficking in budding yeast is regulated by GTPases that control mitochondrial dynamics and ER contact sites. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.237917. [PMID: 32265272 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is a cofactor and signaling molecule that is essential for much of aerobic life. All heme-dependent processes in eukaryotes require that heme is trafficked from its site of synthesis in the mitochondria to hemoproteins located throughout the cell. However, the mechanisms governing the mobilization of heme out of the mitochondria, and the spatio-temporal dynamics of these processes, are poorly understood. Here, using genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors, we developed a live-cell assay to monitor heme distribution dynamics between the mitochondrial inner membrane, where heme is synthesized, and the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus. Surprisingly, heme trafficking to the nucleus is ∼25% faster than to the cytosol or mitochondrial matrix, which have nearly identical heme trafficking dynamics, potentially supporting a role for heme as a mitochondrial-nuclear retrograde signal. Moreover, we discovered that the heme synthetic enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS, also known as Hem1 in yeast), and GTPases in control of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery (Mgm1 and Dnm1) and ER contact sites (Gem1), regulate the flow of heme between the mitochondria and nucleus. Overall, our results indicate that there are parallel pathways for the distribution of bioavailable heme.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Martinez-Guzman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mathilda M Willoughby
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arushi Saini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jonathan V Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Amy E Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia and Augusta University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA .,Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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12
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Swenson SA, Moore CM, Marcero JR, Medlock AE, Reddi AR, Khalimonchuk O. From Synthesis to Utilization: The Ins and Outs of Mitochondrial Heme. Cells 2020; 9:E579. [PMID: 32121449 PMCID: PMC7140478 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is a ubiquitous and essential iron containing metallo-organic cofactor required for virtually all aerobic life. Heme synthesis is initiated and completed in mitochondria, followed by certain covalent modifications and/or its delivery to apo-hemoproteins residing throughout the cell. While the biochemical aspects of heme biosynthetic reactions are well understood, the trafficking of newly synthesized heme-a highly reactive and inherently toxic compound-and its subsequent delivery to target proteins remain far from clear. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about heme biosynthesis and trafficking within and outside of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney M. Moore
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Jason R. Marcero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Amy E. Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amit R. Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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13
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Interplay of Heme with Macrophages in Homeostasis and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030740. [PMID: 31979309 PMCID: PMC7036926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of the mononuclear phagocyte system that is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis. They play a key role for initiation and modulation of immunological responses in inflammation and infection. Moreover, macrophages exhibit a wide spectrum of tissue-specific phenotypes in steady-state and pathophysiological conditions. Recent clinical and experimental evidence indicates that the ubiquitous compound heme is a crucial regulator of these cells, e.g., in the differentiation of monocytes to tissue-resident macrophages and/ or in activation by inflammatory stimuli. Notably, heme, an iron containing tetrapyrrole, is essential as a prosthetic group of hemoproteins (e.g., hemoglobin and cytochromes), whereas non-protein bound free or labile heme can be harmful via pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. In this review, it will be discussed how the complex interplay of heme with macrophages regulates homeostasis and inflammation via modulating macrophage inflammatory characteristics and/ or hematopoiesis. A particular focus will be the distinct roles of intra- and extracellular labile heme and the regulation of its availability by heme-binding proteins. Finally, it will be addressed how heme modulates macrophage functions via specific transcriptional factors, in particular the nuclear repressor BTB and CNC homologue (BACH)1 and Spi-C.
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14
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Duvigneau JC, Esterbauer H, Kozlov AV. Role of Heme Oxygenase as a Modulator of Heme-Mediated Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100475. [PMID: 31614577 PMCID: PMC6827082 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenase (HO) system is essential for heme and iron homeostasis and necessary for adaptation to cell stress. HO degrades heme to biliverdin (BV), carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous iron. Although mostly beneficial, the HO reaction can also produce deleterious effects, predominantly attributed to excessive product formation. Underrated so far is, however, that HO may exert effects additionally via modulation of the cellular heme levels. Heme, besides being an often-quoted generator of oxidative stress, plays also an important role as a signaling molecule. Heme controls the anti-oxidative defense, circadian rhythms, activity of ion channels, glucose utilization, erythropoiesis, and macrophage function. This broad spectrum of effects depends on its interaction with proteins ranging from transcription factors to enzymes. In degrading heme, HO has the potential to exert effects also via modulation of heme-mediated pathways. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of pathways regulated by heme to enlarge the view on HO and its role in cell physiology. We will further highlight the contribution of HO to pathophysiology, which results from a dysregulated balance between heme and the degradation products formed by HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Donegan RK, Moore CM, Hanna DA, Reddi AR. Handling heme: The mechanisms underlying the movement of heme within and between cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:88-100. [PMID: 30092350 PMCID: PMC6363905 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule required for virtually all aerobic life. However, excess heme is cytotoxic. Therefore, heme must be safely transported and trafficked from the site of synthesis in the mitochondria or uptake at the cell surface, to hemoproteins in most subcellular compartments. While heme synthesis and degradation are relatively well characterized, little is known about how heme is trafficked and transported throughout the cell. Herein, we review eukaryotic heme transport, trafficking, and mobilization, with a focus on factors that regulate bioavailable heme. We also highlight the role of gasotransmitters and small molecules in heme mobilization and bioavailability, and heme trafficking at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Courtney M Moore
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - David A Hanna
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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16
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Hanna DA, Hu R, Kim H, Martinez-Guzman O, Torres MP, Reddi AR. Heme bioavailability and signaling in response to stress in yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12378-12393. [PMID: 29921585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoheme (hereafter referred to as heme) is an essential cellular cofactor and signaling molecule that is also potentially cytotoxic. To mitigate heme toxicity, heme synthesis and degradation are tightly coupled to heme utilization in order to limit the intracellular concentration of "free" heme. Such a model, however, would suggest that a readily accessible steady-state, bioavailable labile heme (LH) pool is not required for supporting heme-dependent processes. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model and fluorescent heme sensors, site-specific heme chelators, and molecular genetic approaches, we found here that 1) yeast cells preferentially use LH in heme-depleted conditions; 2) sequestration of cytosolic LH suppresses heme signaling; and 3) lead (Pb2+) stress contributes to a decrease in total heme, but an increase in LH, which correlates with increased heme signaling. We also observed that the proteasome is involved in the regulation of the LH pool and that loss of proteasomal activity sensitizes cells to Pb2+ effects on heme homeostasis. Overall, these findings suggest an important role for LH in supporting heme-dependent functions in yeast physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hu
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Hyojung Kim
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry.,School of Biological Sciences, and
| | | | - Matthew P Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, and.,Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Amit R Reddi
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, .,Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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17
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Kapetanaki SM, Burton MJ, Basran J, Uragami C, Moody PCE, Mitcheson JS, Schmid R, Davies NW, Dorlet P, Vos MH, Storey NM, Raven E. A mechanism for CO regulation of ion channels. Nat Commun 2018; 9:907. [PMID: 29500353 PMCID: PMC5834611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being highly toxic, carbon monoxide (CO) is also an essential intracellular signalling molecule. The mechanisms of CO-dependent cell signalling are poorly defined, but are likely to involve interactions with heme proteins. One such role for CO is in ion channel regulation. Here, we examine the interaction of CO with KATP channels. We find that CO activates KATP channels and that heme binding to a CXXHX16H motif on the SUR2A receptor is required for the CO-dependent increase in channel activity. Spectroscopic and kinetic data were used to quantify the interaction of CO with the ferrous heme-SUR2A complex. The results are significant because they directly connect CO-dependent regulation to a heme-binding event on the channel. We use this information to present molecular-level insight into the dynamic processes that control the interactions of CO with a heme-regulated channel protein, and we present a structural framework for understanding the complex interplay between heme and CO in ion channel regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Kapetanaki
- Department of Chemistry and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England
| | - Mark J Burton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Peter C E Moody
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - John S Mitcheson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - Ralf Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - Noel W Davies
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marten H Vos
- LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Nina M Storey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, England.
| | - Emma Raven
- Department of Chemistry and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England.
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18
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Inhibition of heme oxygenase ameliorates anemia and reduces iron overload in a β-thalassemia mouse model. Blood 2017; 131:236-246. [PMID: 29180398 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-798728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of red blood cell disorders, considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality among genetic diseases. However, there is still no universally available cure for thalassemias. The underlying basis of thalassemia pathology is the premature apoptotic destruction of erythroblasts causing ineffective erythropoiesis. In β-thalassemia, β-globin synthesis is reduced causing α-globin accumulation. Unpaired globin chains, with heme attached to them, accumulate in thalassemic erythroblasts causing oxidative stress and the premature cell death. We hypothesize that in β-thalassemia heme oxygenase (HO) 1 could play a pathogenic role in the development of anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis. To test this hypothesis, we exploited a mouse model of β-thalassemia intermedia, Th3/+ We observed that HO inhibition using tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) decreased heme-iron recycling in the liver and ameliorated anemia in the Th3/+ mice. SnPP administration led to a decrease in erythropoietin and increase in hepcidin serum levels, changes that were accompanied by an alleviation of ineffective erythropoiesis in Th3/+ mice. Additionally, the bone marrow from Th3/+ mice treated with SnPP exhibited decreased heme catabolism and diminished iron release as well as reduced apoptosis. Our results indicate that the iron released from heme because of HO activity contributes to the pathophysiology of thalassemia. Therefore, new therapies that suppress heme catabolism may be beneficial in ameliorating the anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemias.
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19
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Wang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Wong YK, Lee YM, Krishna S, He Y, Lim TK, Sim W, Hua ZC, Shen HM, Lin Q. Mechanistic Investigation of the Specific Anticancer Property of Artemisinin and Its Combination with Aminolevulinic Acid for Enhanced Anticolorectal Cancer Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:743-750. [PMID: 28776016 PMCID: PMC5532725 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial artemisinin (ART) possesses anticancer activity, but its underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Using a chemical proteomics approach with artemisinin-based activity probes, we identified over 300 specific ART targets. This reveals an anticancer mechanism whereby ART promiscuously targets multiple critical biological pathways and leads to cancer cell death. The specific cytotoxicity of ART against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells rather than normal colon epithelial cells is due to the elevated capacity of heme synthesis in the cancer cells. Guided by this mechanism, the specific cytotoxicity of ART toward CRC cells can be dramatically enhanced with the addition of aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a clinically used heme synthesis precursor, to increase heme levels. Importantly, this novel ART/ALA combination therapy proves to be more effective than an ART monotherapy in a mouse xenograft CRC model. Thus, ART can be repurposed and potentiated by exploitation of its mechanism of action and the metabolic features of the CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Wang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yin Shi
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Yingke He
- Department
of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Weiying Sim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
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20
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Wißbrock A, Imhof D. A Tough Nut to Crack: Intracellular Detection and Quantification of Heme in Malaria Parasites by a Genetically Encoded Protein Sensor. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1561-1564. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Wißbrock
- University of Bonn; Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics; Pharmaceutical Institute; Brühler Strasse 7 53119 Bonn Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- University of Bonn; Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics; Pharmaceutical Institute; Brühler Strasse 7 53119 Bonn Germany
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21
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Li G, Xue H, Fan Z, Bai Y. Impact of heme on specific antibody production in mice: promotive, inhibitive or null outcome is determined by its concentration. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00303. [PMID: 28560357 PMCID: PMC5435615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Free heme is an endogenous danger signal that provokes innate immunity. Active innate immunity provides a precondition of an effective adaptive immune response. However, heme catabolites, CO, biliverdin and bilirubin trigger immunosuppression. Furthermore, free heme induces expression of heme oxygenase-1 to increase production of CO, biliverdin and bilirubin. As such, free heme can play a paradoxical role in adaptive immunity. What is the outcome of the animal immune response to an antigen in the presence of free heme? This question remains to be explored. Here, we report the immunization results of rats and mice after intraperitoneal injection of formulations containing BSA and heme. When the heme concentrations were below 1 μM, between 1 μM and 5 μM and above 5 μM, production of anti-BSA IgG and IgM was unaffected, enhanced and suppressed, respectively. The results suggest that heme can influence adaptive immunity by double concentration-thresholds. If the heme concentrations are less than the first threshold, there is no effect on adaptive immunity; if the concentrations are more than the first but less than the second threshold, there is promotion effect; and if the concentrations are more than the second threshold, there is an inhibitory effect. A hypothesis is also presented here to explain the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Li
- Experimental Training Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China, 519082
| | - Haiyan Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510275
| | - Zeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510275
| | - Yun Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510275
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22
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Hanna DA, Martinez-Guzman O, Reddi AR. Heme Gazing: Illuminating Eukaryotic Heme Trafficking, Dynamics, and Signaling with Fluorescent Heme Sensors. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1815-1823. [PMID: 28316240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX) is an essential protein prosthetic group and signaling molecule required for most life on Earth. All heme-dependent processes require the dynamic and rapid mobilization of heme from sites of synthesis or uptake to hemoproteins present in virtually every subcellular compartment. The cytotoxicity and hydrophobicity of heme necessitate that heme mobilization be carefully controlled to mitigate the deleterious effects of this essential toxin. Indeed, a number of disorders, including certain cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, are tied to defects in heme homeostasis. However, the molecules and mechanisms that mediate heme transport and trafficking, and the dynamics of these processes, are poorly understood. This is in large part due to the lack of physical tools for probing cellular heme. Herein, we discuss the recent development of fluorescent probes that can monitor and image kinetically labile heme with respect to its mobilization and role in signaling. In particular, we will highlight how heme gazing with these tools can uncover new heme trafficking factors upon being integrated with genetic screens and illuminate the concentration, subcellular distribution, and dynamics of labile heme in various physiological contexts. Altogether, the monitoring of labile heme, along with recent biochemical and cell biological studies demonstrating the reversible regulation of certain cellular processes by heme, is challenging us to reconceptualize heme from being a static cofactor buried in protein active sites to a dynamic and mobile signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hanna
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Osiris Martinez-Guzman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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23
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Ponka P, Sheftel AD, English AM, Scott Bohle D, Garcia-Santos D. Do Mammalian Cells Really Need to Export and Import Heme? Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:395-406. [PMID: 28254242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme is a cofactor that is essential to almost all forms of life. The production of heme is a balancing act between the generation of the requisite levels of the end-product and protection of the cell and/or organism against any toxic substrates, intermediates and, in this case, end-product. In this review, we provide an overview of our understanding of the formation and regulation of this metallocofactor and discuss new research on the cell biology of heme homeostasis, with a focus on putative transmembrane transporters now proposed to be important regulators of heme distribution. The main text is complemented by a discussion dedicated to the intricate chemistry and biochemistry of heme, which is often overlooked when new pathways of heme transport are conceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Ponka
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Alex D Sheftel
- Spartan Bioscience Inc., Ottawa, ON, K2H 1B2, Canada; High Impact Editing, Ottawa, ON, K1B 3Y6, Canada
| | - Ann M English
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling and PROTEO, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia-Santos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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24
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Mukherjee S, Ghosh C, Seal M, Dey SG. Copper induced spin state change of heme–Aβ associated with Alzheimer's disease. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13171-13175. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of Cu(ii) not only drives the conversion of the benign bis-His bound low spin heme(iii)–Aβ complex to the detrimental mono-His high spin form, even in the presence of excess Aβ, but it also forms the most toxic heme(iii)–Cu(ii)–Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
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25
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Busch AWU, WareJoncas Z, Montgomery BL. Tryptophan-Rich Sensory Protein/Translocator Protein (TSPO) from Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon Binds a Broad Range of Functionally Relevant Tetrapyrroles. Biochemistry 2016; 56:73-84. [PMID: 27990801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan-rich sensory protein/translocator protein (TSPO) is a membrane protein involved in stress adaptation in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. Characterized mammalian and proteobacterial TSPO homologues bind tetrapyrroles and cholesterol ligands. We investigated the ligand binding properties of TSPO from F. diplosiphon (FdTSPO1), which was functionally characterized in prior genetic studies. Two additional TSPO proteins (FdTSPO2 and FdTSPO3) are present in F. diplosiphon; they are similar in size to reported bacterial TSPOs and smaller than FdTSPO1. The longer cyanobacterial TSPO1 is found almost exclusively in filamentous cyanobacteria and has a relatively low degree of homology to bacterial and mammalian TSPO homologues with confirmed tetrapyrrole binding. To probe distinctions of long-form TSPOs, we tested the binding of porphyrin and bilin to FdTSPO1 and measured binding affinities in the low micromolar range, with the highest binding affinity detected for heme. Although tetrapyrrole ligands bound FdTSPO1 with affinities similar to those previously reported for proteobacterial TSPO, binding of cholesterol to FdTSPO1 was particularly poor and was not improved by introducing an amino acid motif known to enhance cholesterol binding in other bacterial TSPO homologues. Additionally, we detected limited binding of bacterial hopanoids to FdTSPO1. Cyanobacterial TSPO1 from the oxygenic photosynthetic F. diplosiphon, thus, binds a range of tetrapyrroles of functional relevance with efficiencies similar to those of mammalian and proteobacterial homologues, but the level of cholesterol binding is greatly reduced compared to that of mammalian TSPO. Furthermore, the ΔFdTSPO1 mutant exhibits altered growth in the presence of biliverdin compared to that of wild-type cells under green light. Together, these results suggest that TSPO molecules may play roles in bilin homeostasis or trafficking in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea W U Busch
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zachary WareJoncas
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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26
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Wißbrock A, Kühl T, Silbermann K, Becker AJ, Ohlenschläger O, Imhof D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Amyloid β Derived and Amyloid β Independent Enhancers of the Peroxidase-like Activity of Heme. J Med Chem 2016; 60:373-385. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Silbermann
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J. Becker
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Ohlenschläger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging−Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Acker JP, Marks DC, Sheffield WP. Quality Assessment of Established and Emerging Blood Components for Transfusion. JOURNAL OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 2016; 2016:4860284. [PMID: 28070448 PMCID: PMC5192317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4860284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood is donated either as whole blood, with subsequent component processing, or through the use of apheresis devices that extract one or more components and return the rest of the donation to the donor. Blood component therapy supplanted whole blood transfusion in industrialized countries in the middle of the twentieth century and remains the standard of care for the majority of patients receiving a transfusion. Traditionally, blood has been processed into three main blood products: red blood cell concentrates; platelet concentrates; and transfusable plasma. Ensuring that these products are of high quality and that they deliver their intended benefits to patients throughout their shelf-life is a complex task. Further complexity has been added with the development of products stored under nonstandard conditions or subjected to additional manufacturing steps (e.g., cryopreserved platelets, irradiated red cells, and lyophilized plasma). Here we review established and emerging methodologies for assessing blood product quality and address controversies and uncertainties in this thriving and active field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Acker
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Denese C. Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William P. Sheffield
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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28
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Nagababu E. Ferriheme catalyzes nitric oxide reaction with glutathione to form S-nitrosoglutathione: A novel mechanism for formation of S-nitrosothiols. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:296-304. [PMID: 27693379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosothiols (SNO) perform many important functions in biological systems, but the mechanism by which they are generated in vivo remains a contentious issue. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with thiols to form SNO only in the presence of a molecule that will accept an electron from either NO or the thiol. In this study, we present evidence that ferriheme accepts an electron from NO or glutathione (GSH) to generate S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in vitro under anaerobic or hypoxic (2% O2) conditions. Ferriheme formed charge transfer-stable complexes with NO to form ferriheme-NO (heme-Fe(II)-NO+) and with GSH to form ferriheme-GS (heme-Fe(II)-GS•) under anaerobic conditions. The reaction between GSH and the heme-Fe(II)-NO+ complex or between NO and the heme-Fe(II)-GS• complex resulted in simultaneous reductive ferriheme nitrosylation (heme-Fe(II)NO) and the generation of GSNO. Thus, ferriheme is readily reduced to ferroheme in the presence of NO and GSH together, but not with either individually. The reaction between NO and the heme-Fe(II)-GS• complex to generate GSNO occurred more rapidly than NO was consumed by endothelial cells, but not red blood cells. In addition, pretreatment of endothelial cells with ferriheme or the ferriheme-GS complex generated SNO upon addition of NO under hypoxic conditions. The results of this study raise the possibility that in vivo, ferriheme can complex with GSH to form ferriheme-GS complex (heme-Fe(II)-GS•), which rapidly reacts with NO to generate GSNO under intracellular oxygen levels. The GSNO formation by this mechanism is more efficient than any other in vitro mechanism(s) reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enika Nagababu
- Integrated Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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29
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Heme-coordinated histidine residues form non-specific functional ferritin-heme peroxidase system: Possible and partial mechanistic relevance to oxidative stress-mediated pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:368-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Khodarahmi R, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR. Is there correlation between Aβ-heme peroxidase activity and the peptide aggregation state? A literature review combined with hypothesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 100:18-36. [PMID: 27664926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss and neuronal cell death, and is manifested clinically by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. Disease pathogenesis is mainly linked to the formation of Aβ insoluble or soluble oligomeric assemblies. Binding of heme to Aβ has been suggested as the origin of the heme deficiency, peroxidase activity, as well as some oxidative stress-mediated AD pathologies, and then differential affinity of heme for human and rodent Aβ peptide has been proposed to account for the susceptibility of humans to AD. This review highlights whether there is any dependency of peroxidase activity of heme-bound Aβ on the Aβ aggregation state or not, with focusing on emerging role of heme in neurodegeneration. Here, several lines of evidence supporting existing contradictory conjectures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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31
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Regulation of intracellular heme trafficking revealed by subcellular reporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5144-52. [PMID: 27528661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609865113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential prosthetic group in proteins that reside in virtually every subcellular compartment performing diverse biological functions. Irrespective of whether heme is synthesized in the mitochondria or imported from the environment, this hydrophobic and potentially toxic metalloporphyrin has to be trafficked across membrane barriers, a concept heretofore poorly understood. Here we show, using subcellular-targeted, genetically encoded hemoprotein peroxidase reporters, that both extracellular and endogenous heme contribute to cellular labile heme and that extracellular heme can be transported and used in toto by hemoproteins in all six subcellular compartments examined. The reporters are robust, show large signal-to-background ratio, and provide sufficient range to detect changes in intracellular labile heme. Restoration of reporter activity by heme is organelle-specific, with the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum being important sites for both exogenous and endogenous heme trafficking. Expression of peroxidase reporters in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that environmental heme influences labile heme in a tissue-dependent manner; reporter activity in the intestine shows a linear increase compared with muscle or hypodermis, with the lowest heme threshold in neurons. Our results demonstrate that the trafficking pathways for exogenous and endogenous heme are distinct, with intrinsic preference for specific subcellular compartments. We anticipate our results will serve as a heuristic paradigm for more sophisticated studies on heme trafficking in cellular and whole-animal models.
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32
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Unraveling the mystery of the ring: Tracking heme dynamics in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7296-7. [PMID: 27342864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607505113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
Heme is universally recognized as an essential and ubiquitous prosthetic group that enables proteins to carry out a diverse array of functions. All heme-dependent processes, from protein hemylation to heme signaling, require the dynamic and rapid mobilization of heme to hemoproteins present in virtually every subcellular compartment. The cytotoxicity and hydrophobicity of heme necessitates that heme mobilization is carefully controlled at the cellular and systemic level. However, the molecules and mechanisms that mediate heme homeostasis are poorly understood. In this Account, we provide a heuristic paradigm with which to conceptualize heme trafficking and highlight the most recent developments in the mechanisms underlying heme trafficking. As an iron-containing tetrapyrrole, heme exhibits properties of both transition metals and lipids. Accordingly, we propose its transport and trafficking will reflect principles gleaned from the trafficking of both metals and lipids. Using this conceptual framework, we follow the flow of heme from the final step of heme synthesis in the mitochondria to hemoproteins present in various subcellular organelles. Further, given that many cells and animals that cannot make heme can assimilate it intact from nutritional sources, we propose that intercellular heme trafficking pathways must exist. This necessitates that heme be able to be imported and exported from cells, escorted between cells and organs, and regulated at the organismal level via a coordinated systemic process. In this Account, we highlight recently discovered heme transport and trafficking factors and provide the biochemical foundation for the cell and systems biology of heme. Altogether, we seek to reconceptualize heme from an exchange inert cofactor buried in hemoprotein active sites to an exchange labile and mobile metallonutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit R. Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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34
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Heme dynamics and trafficking factors revealed by genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7539-44. [PMID: 27247412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule. Heme acquisition by proteins and heme signaling are ultimately reliant on the ability to mobilize labile heme (LH). However, the properties of LH pools, including concentration, oxidation state, distribution, speciation, and dynamics, are poorly understood. Herein, we elucidate the nature and dynamics of LH using genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent heme sensors in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae We find that the subcellular distribution of LH is heterogeneous; the cytosol maintains LH at ∼20-40 nM, whereas the mitochondria and nucleus maintain it at concentrations below 2.5 nM. Further, we find that the signaling molecule nitric oxide can initiate the rapid mobilization of heme in the cytosol and nucleus from certain thiol-containing factors. We also find that the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase constitutes a major cellular heme buffer, and is responsible for maintaining the activity of the heme-dependent nuclear transcription factor heme activator protein (Hap1p). Altogether, we demonstrate that the heme sensors can be used to reveal fundamental aspects of heme trafficking and dynamics and can be used across multiple organisms, including Escherichia coli, yeast, and human cell lines.
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35
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A heme-binding domain controls regulation of ATP-dependent potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3785-90. [PMID: 27006498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600211113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme iron has many and varied roles in biology. Most commonly it binds as a prosthetic group to proteins, and it has been widely supposed and amply demonstrated that subtle variations in the protein structure around the heme, including the heme ligands, are used to control the reactivity of the metal ion. However, the role of heme in biology now appears to also include a regulatory responsibility in the cell; this includes regulation of ion channel function. In this work, we show that cardiac KATP channels are regulated by heme. We identify a cytoplasmic heme-binding CXXHX16H motif on the sulphonylurea receptor subunit of the channel, and mutagenesis together with quantitative and spectroscopic analyses of heme-binding and single channel experiments identified Cys628 and His648 as important for heme binding. We discuss the wider implications of these findings and we use the information to present hypotheses for mechanisms of heme-dependent regulation across other ion channels.
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36
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Nabavi SF, Barber AJ, Spagnuolo C, Russo GL, Daglia M, Nabavi SM, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Nrf2 as molecular target for polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy in diabetic retinopathy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:293-312. [PMID: 26926494 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1129530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes that is considered one of the leading causes of blindness among adults. More than 4.4 million people suffer from this disorder throughout the world. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox sensitive transcription factor, plays an essential protective role in regulating the physiological response to oxidative and electrophilic stress via regulation of multiple genes encoding antioxidant proteins and phase II detoxifying enzymes. Many studies suggest that dozens of natural compounds, including polyphenols, can supress oxidative stress and inflammation through targeting Nrf2 and consequently activating the antioxidant response element-related cytoprotective genes. Therefore, Nrf2 may provide a new therapeutic target for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. In the present article, we will focus on the role of Nrf2 in diabetic retinopathy and the ability of polyphenols to target Nrf2 as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- a Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alistair J Barber
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Penn State Hershey Eye Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- c Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- c Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- d Department of Drug Sciences , Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy , and
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- a Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- e Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago De Compostela , Santiago De Compostela , Spain
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37
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Ghosh C, Mukherjee S, Seal M, Dey SG. Peroxidase to Cytochrome b Type Transition in the Active Site of Heme-Bound Amyloid β Peptides Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1748-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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38
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Physiological implications of mammalian ferritin-binding proteins interacting with circulating ferritin and a new aspect of ferritin- and zinc-binding proteins. Biometals 2015; 29:15-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Atamna H, Brahmbhatt M, Atamna W, Shanower GA, Dhahbi JM. ApoHRP-based assay to measure intracellular regulatory heme. Metallomics 2015; 7:309-21. [PMID: 25525887 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the heme-binding proteins possess a "heme-pocket" that stably binds to heme. Usually known as housekeeping heme-proteins, they participate in a variety of metabolic reactions (e.g., catalase). Heme also binds with lower affinity to the "Heme-Regulatory Motifs" (HRM) in specific regulatory proteins. This type of heme binding is known as exchangeable or regulatory heme (RH). Heme binding to HRM proteins regulates their function (e.g., Bach1). Although there are well-established methods for assaying total cellular heme (e.g., heme-proteins plus RH), currently there is no method available for measuring RH independent of the total heme (TH). The current study describes and validates a new method to measure intracellular RH. This method is based on the reconstitution of apo-horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP) with heme to form holoHRP. The resulting holoHRP activity is then measured with a colorimetric substrate. The results show that apoHRP specifically binds RH but not with heme from housekeeping heme-proteins. The RH assay detects intracellular RH. Furthermore, using conditions that create positive (hemin) or negative (N-methyl protoporphyrin IX) controls for heme in normal human fibroblasts (IMR90), the RH assay shows that RH is dynamic and independent of TH. We also demonstrated that short-term exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), or amyloid-β (Aβ) significantly alters intracellular RH with little effect on TH. In conclusion the RH assay is an effective assay to investigate intracellular RH concentration and demonstrates that RH represents ∼6% of total heme in IMR90 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Department of Basic Sciences, TCMC, Scranton, PA, USA
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40
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Analysis of the binding of bovine and human fibrinogen to ferritin: evidence that fibrinogen is a common ferritin-binding protein in mammals. Biometals 2015; 28:679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Sheldon JR, Heinrichs DE. Recent developments in understanding the iron acquisition strategies of gram positive pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:592-630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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42
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Orlov D, Karkouti K. The pathophysiology and consequences of red blood cell storage. Anaesthesia 2015; 70 Suppl 1:29-37, e9-12. [PMID: 25440392 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Red cell transfusion therapy is a common treatment modality in contemporary medical practice. Although blood collection and administration is safer and more efficient than ever before, red cells undergo multiple metabolic and structural changes during storage that may compromise their functionality and viability following transfusion. The clinical relevance of these changes is a hotly debated topic that continues to be a matter of intense investigation. In the current review, we begin with an in-depth overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying red cell storage, with a focus on altered metabolism, oxidative stress and red cell membrane damage. We proceed to review the current state of evidence on the clinical relevance and consequences of the red cell storage lesion, while discussing the strengths and limitations of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Orlov
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Ligand binding reveals a role for heme in translationally-controlled tumor protein dimerization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112823. [PMID: 25396429 PMCID: PMC4232476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, abundant protein that is broadly distributed among eukaryotes. Its biological function spans numerous cellular processes ranging from regulation of the cell cycle and microtubule stabilization to cell growth, transformation, and death processes. In this work, we propose a new function for TCTP as a “buffer protein” controlling cellular homeostasis. We demonstrate that binding of hemin to TCTP is mediated by a conserved His-containing motif (His76His77) followed by dimerization, an event that involves ligand-mediated conformational changes and that is necessary to trigger TCTP's cytokine-like activity. Mutation in both His residues to Ala prevents hemin from binding and abrogates oligomerization, suggesting that the ligand site localizes at the interface of the oligomer. Unlike heme, binding of Ca2+ ligand to TCTP does not alter its monomeric state; although, Ca2+ is able to destabilize an existing TCTP dimer created by hemin addition. In agreement with TCTP's proposed buffer function, ligand binding occurs at high concentration, allowing the “buffer” condition to be dissociated from TCTP's role as a component of signal transduction mechanisms.
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Jaafari M, Ashrafi Kooshk MR, Asghari SM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Ghobadi S, Khodarahmi R. Direct evidence for non-specific peroxidase activity of ‘‘ferritin–heme” complex: possible role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spencer ALM, Bagai I, Becker DF, Zuiderweg ERP, Ragsdale SW. Protein/protein interactions in the mammalian heme degradation pathway: heme oxygenase-2, cytochrome P450 reductase, and biliverdin reductase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29836-58. [PMID: 25196843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the O2-dependent degradation of heme to biliverdin, CO, and iron with electrons delivered from NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Biliverdin reductase (BVR) then catalyzes conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin. We describe mutagenesis combined with kinetic, spectroscopic (fluorescence and NMR), surface plasmon resonance, cross-linking, gel filtration, and analytical ultracentrifugation studies aimed at evaluating interactions of HO-2 with CPR and BVR. Based on these results, we propose a model in which HO-2 and CPR form a dynamic ensemble of complex(es) that precede formation of the productive electron transfer complex. The (1)H-(15)N TROSY NMR spectrum of HO-2 reveals specific residues, including Leu-201, near the heme face of HO-2 that are affected by the addition of CPR, implicating these residues at the HO/CPR interface. Alanine substitutions at HO-2 residues Leu-201 and Lys-169 cause a respective 3- and 22-fold increase in K(m) values for CPR, consistent with a role for these residues in CPR binding. Sedimentation velocity experiments confirm the transient nature of the HO-2 · CPR complex (K(d) = 15.1 μM). Our results also indicate that HO-2 and BVR form a very weak complex that is only captured by cross-linking. For example, under conditions where CPR affects the (1)H-(15)N TROSY NMR spectrum of HO-2, BVR has no effect. Fluorescence quenching experiments also suggest that BVR binds HO-2 weakly, if at all, and that the previously reported high affinity of BVR for HO is artifactual, resulting from the effects of free heme (dissociated from HO) on BVR fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ireena Bagai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 and
| | - Donald F Becker
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Erik R P Zuiderweg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 and
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- From the Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 and
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Kühl T, Imhof D. Regulatory Fe(II/III) heme: the reconstruction of a molecule's biography. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2024-35. [PMID: 25196849 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 years of research on heme as a temporary effector molecule of proteins have revealed its widespread impact on virtually all primary functions in the human organism. As our understanding of this influence is still growing, a comprehensive overview of compiled data will give fresh impetus for creativity and developing new strategies in heme-related research. From known data concerning heme-regulated proteins and their involvement in the development of diseases, we provide concise information of Fe(II/III) heme as a regulator and the availability of "regulatory heme". The latter is dependent on the balance between free and bound Fe(II/III) heme, here termed "hemeostasis". Imbalance of this system can lead to the development of diseases that were not always attributed to this small molecule. Diseases such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease highlight the reawakened interest in heme, whose function was previously believed to be completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn (Germany).
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Pishchany G, Sheldon JR, Dickson CF, Alam MT, Read TD, Gell DA, Heinrichs DE, Skaar EP. IsdB-dependent hemoglobin binding is required for acquisition of heme by Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1764-72. [PMID: 24338348 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for tremendous morbidity and mortality. As with most bacteria, S. aureus requires iron to cause disease, and it can acquire iron from host hemoglobin. The current model for staphylococcal hemoglobin-iron acquisition proposes that S. aureus binds hemoglobin through the surface-exposed hemoglobin receptor IsdB. IsdB removes heme from bound hemoglobin and transfers this cofactor to other proteins of the Isd system, which import and degrade heme to release iron in the cytoplasm. Here we demonstrate that the individual components of the Isd system are required for growth on low nanomolar concentrations of hemoglobin as a sole source of iron. An in-depth study of hemoglobin binding by IsdB revealed key residues that are required for hemoglobin binding. Further, we show that these residues are necessary for heme extraction from hemoglobin and growth on hemoglobin as a sole iron source. These processes are found to contribute to the pathogenicity of S. aureus in a murine model of infection. Together these results build on the model for Isd-mediated hemoglobin binding and heme-iron acquisition during the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Pishchany
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Abstract
Iron is essential for all known life due to its redox properties; however, these same properties can also lead to its toxicity in overload through the production of reactive oxygen species. Robust systemic and cellular control are required to maintain safe levels of iron, and the liver seems to be where this regulation is mainly located. Iron misregulation is implicated in many diseases, and as our understanding of iron metabolism improves, the list of iron-related disorders grows. Recent developments have resulted in greater knowledge of the fate of iron in the body and have led to a detailed map of its metabolism; however, a quantitative understanding at the systems level of how its components interact to produce tight regulation remains elusive. A mechanistic computational model of human liver iron metabolism, which includes the core regulatory components, is presented here. It was constructed based on known mechanisms of regulation and on their kinetic properties, obtained from several publications. The model was then quantitatively validated by comparing its results with previously published physiological data, and it is able to reproduce multiple experimental findings. A time course simulation following an oral dose of iron was compared to a clinical time course study and the simulation was found to recreate the dynamics and time scale of the systems response to iron challenge. A disease state simulation of haemochromatosis was created by altering a single reaction parameter that mimics a human haemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutation. The simulation provides a quantitative understanding of the liver iron overload that arises in this disease. This model supports and supplements understanding of the role of the liver as an iron sensor and provides a framework for further modelling, including simulations to identify valuable drug targets and design of experiments to improve further our knowledge of this system. Iron is an essential nutrient required for healthy life but, in excess, is the cause of debilitating and even fatal conditions. The most common genetic disorder in humans caused by a mutation, haemochromatosis, results in an iron overload in the liver. Indeed, the liver plays a central role in the regulation of iron. Recently, an increasing amount of detail has been discovered about molecules related to iron metabolism, but an understanding of how they work together and regulate iron levels (in healthy people) or fail to do it (in disease) is still missing. We present a mathematical model of the regulation of liver iron metabolism that provides explanations of its dynamics and allows further hypotheses to be formulated and later tested in experiments. Importantly, the model reproduces accurately the healthy liver iron homeostasis and simulates haemochromatosis, showing how the causative mutation leads to iron overload. We investigate how best to control iron regulation and identified reactions that can be targets of new medicines to treat iron overload. The model provides a virtual laboratory for investigating iron metabolism and improves understanding of the method by which the liver senses and controls iron levels.
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Edmunds MC, Czopek A, Wigmore SJ, Kluth DC. Paradoxical effects of heme arginate on survival of myocutaneous flaps. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R10-22. [PMID: 24089372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00240.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) contributes to partial flap and solid organ transplant failure. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an inducible, cytoprotective enzyme which protects against IRI in solid organ transplant models. Heme arginate (HA), a HO-1 inducer, is a promising, translatable, preconditioning agent. This study investigated the effects of preconditioning with HA on the clinical outcome of a myocutaneous IRI model. Forty male Lewis rats were randomized to intravenously receive 1) Control-NaCl, 2) HA, 3) HA and tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a HO-1 inhibitor; and 4) SnMP alone. Twenty-four hours later, an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was performed under isoflurane anesthesia. Viability of flaps was measured clinically and by laser-Doppler perfusion scanning. In vitro work on human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) assessed the effects of HA, SnMP, and the iron chelator desferrioxamine on 1) cytotoxicity, 2) intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and 3) ROS-mediated DNA damage. In contrast to our hypothesis, HA preconditioning produced over 30% more flap necrosis at 48 h compared with controls (P = 0.02). HA-containing treatments produced significantly worse flap perfusion at all postoperative time points. In vitro work showed that HA is cytotoxic to keratinocytes. This cytotoxicity was independent of HO-1 and was mediated by the generation of ROS by free heme. In contrast to solid organ data, pharmacological preconditioning with HA significantly worsened clinical outcome, thus indicating that this is not a viable approach in free flap research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Edmunds
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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Khan AA, Quigley JG. Heme and FLVCR-related transporter families SLC48 and SLC49. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:669-82. [PMID: 23506900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular heme may result in oxidative stress and membrane injury. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1), a member of the SLC49 family of four paralogous genes, is a cell surface heme exporter, essential for erythropoiesis and systemic iron homeostasis. Disruption of FLVCR1 function blocks development of erythroid progenitors, likely due to heme toxicity. Mutations of SLC49A1 encoding FLVCR1 are noted in patients with a rare neurodegenerative disorder: posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa. FLVCR2 is highly homologous to FLVCR1 and may function as a cellular heme importer. Mutations of SLC49A2 encoding FLVCR2 are observed in Fowler syndrome, a rare proliferative vascular disorder of the brain. The functions of the remaining members of the SLC49 family, MFSD7 and DIRC2 (encoded by the SLC49A3 and SLC49A4 genes), are unknown, although the latter is implicated in hereditary renal carcinomas. SLC48A1 (heme responsive gene-1, HRG-1), the sole member of the SLC48 family, is associated with the endosome and appears to transport heme from the endosome into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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