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Chakraborty S, Liu L, Fitzsimmons L, Porwollik S, Kim JS, Desai P, McClelland M, Vazquez-Torres A. Glycolytic reprograming in Salmonella counters NOX2-mediated dissipation of ΔpH. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1783. [PMID: 32286292 PMCID: PMC7156505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial adaptations to the respiratory burst remain poorly understood, and establishing how the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) kills microbes has proven elusive. Here we demonstrate that NOX2 collapses the ΔpH of intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium. The depolarization experienced by Salmonella undergoing oxidative stress impairs folding of periplasmic proteins. Depolarization in respiring Salmonella mediates intense bactericidal activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Salmonella adapts to the challenges oxidative stress imposes on membrane bioenergetics by shifting redox balance to glycolysis and fermentation, thereby diminishing electron flow through the membrane, meeting energetic requirements and anaplerotically generating tricarboxylic acid intermediates. By diverting electrons away from the respiratory chain, glycolysis also enables thiol/disulfide exchange-mediated folding of bacterial cell envelope proteins during periods of oxidative stress. Thus, primordial metabolic pathways, already present in bacteria before aerobic respiration evolved, offer a solution to the stress ROS exert on molecular targets at the bacterial cell envelope. Chakraborty et al. show that phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) collapses the ΔpH of intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium, leading to oxidative damage of cell envelope proteins. Salmonella responds by shifting redox balance from respiration to glycolysis and fermentation, thereby facilitating folding of periplasmic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Chakraborty
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Box 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Box 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Liam Fitzsimmons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Box 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, 240 Med Sci Bldg., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ju-Sim Kim
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Box 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Prerak Desai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, 240 Med Sci Bldg., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, 240 Med Sci Bldg., Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Andres Vazquez-Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Box 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, USA.
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Banaś AM, Bocian-Ostrzycka KM, Plichta M, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Ludwiczak J, Płaczkiewicz J, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. C8J_1298, a bifunctional thiol oxidoreductase of Campylobacter jejuni, affects Dsb (disulfide bond) network functioning. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230366. [PMID: 32203539 PMCID: PMC7089426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational generation of disulfide bonds catalyzed by bacterial Dsb (disulfide bond) enzymes is essential for the oxidative folding of many proteins. Although we now have a good understanding of the Escherichia coli disulfide bond formation system, there are significant gaps in our knowledge concerning the Dsb systems of other bacteria, including Campylobacter jejuni, a food-borne, zoonotic pathogen. We attempted to gain a more complete understanding of the process by thorough analysis of C8J_1298 functioning in vitro and in vivo. C8J_1298 is a homodimeric thiol-oxidoreductase present in wild type (wt) cells, in both reduced and oxidized forms. The protein was previously described as a homolog of DsbC, and thus potentially should be active in rearrangement of disulfides. Indeed, biochemical studies with purified protein revealed that C8J_1298 shares many properties with EcDsbC. However, its activity in vivo is dependent on the genetic background, namely, the set of other Dsb proteins present in the periplasm that determine the redox conditions. In wt C. jejuni cells, C8J_1298 potentially works as a DsbG involved in the control of the cysteine sulfenylation level and protecting single cysteine residues from oxidation to sulfenic acid. A strain lacking only C8J_1298 is indistinguishable from the wild type strain by several assays recognized as the criteria to determine isomerization or oxidative Dsb pathways. Remarkably, in C. jejuni strain lacking DsbA1, the protein involved in generation of disulfides, C8J_1298 acts as an oxidase, similar to the homodimeric oxidoreductase of Helicobater pylori, HP0231. In E. coli, C8J_1298 acts as a bifunctional protein, also resembling HP0231. These findings are strongly supported by phylogenetic data. We also showed that CjDsbD (C8J_0565) is a C8J_1298 redox partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marta Banaś
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Plichta
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dunin-Horkawicz
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Ludwiczak
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Płaczkiewicz
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Banaś AM, Bocian-Ostrzycka KM, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. Engineering of the Dsb (disulfide bond) proteins - contribution towards understanding their mechanism of action and their applications in biotechnology and medicine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:433-450. [PMID: 31190593 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1622509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Dsb protein family in prokaryotes catalyzes the generation of disulfide bonds between thiol groups of cysteine residues in nascent proteins, ensuring their proper three-dimensional structure; these bonds are crucial for protein stability and function. The first Dsb protein, Escherichia coli DsbA, was described in 1991. Since then, many details of the bond-formation process have been described through microbiological, biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics strategies. Research with the model microorganism E. coli and many other bacterial species revealed an enormous diversity of bond-formation mechanisms. Research using Dsb protein engineering has significantly helped to reveal details of the disulfide bond formation. The first part of this review presents the research that led to understanding the mechanism of action of DsbA proteins, which directly transfer their own disulfide into target proteins. The second part concentrates on the mechanism of electron transport through the cell cytoplasmic membrane. Third and lastly, the review discusses the contribution of this research towards new antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marta Banaś
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Miecznikowa 1 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marta Bocian-Ostrzycka
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Miecznikowa 1 , Warsaw , Poland
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