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Gu L, Liu K, Du S, Li H, Ma X, Huang Q, Ai Q, Chen W, Gao Y, Fan Y, Xie Y, Yao Y, Wang H, Li P, Xuan Y, Wang B, Zhang X. Prediction of pentafecta achievement following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: Implications for robot-assisted surgery candidates. Surg Oncol 2020; 33:32-37. [PMID: 32561096 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, objective basis for the choice between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is scarce. To evaluate surgical outcomes, assess the individual benefit from LPN to RAPN, which can guide clinical decision-making. METHODS Patients underwent LPN or RAPN for a localized renal mass in our center between Jan 2013 and Dec 2016 were included. The surgical outcome of LPN and RAPN was the pentafecta achievement. A multivariable model was fitted to predict the probability of pentafecta achievement after LPN. Model-derived coefficients were applied to calculate the probability of pentafecta achievement in case of LPN among patients treated with RAPN. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing method was applied to plot the observed probability of pentafecta achievement against the predicted pentafecta probability in case of LPN. RESULTS RAPN group had a significantly higher pentafecta achievement (54.6% vs. 41.1%, P < 0.001) than LPN. Multivariable analyses identified that tumor size, distance of the tumor to collecting system or sinus, and preoperative eGFR were independent predictors of pentafecta after LPN. When RAPN was chosen over LPN, the increase in the probability of pentafecta achievement was greatest in intermediate-probability patients. With the increase or decrease of the probability of pentafecta, the benefit of RAPN decreased. CONCLUSION When pentafecta achievement are assessed, the benefit of RAPN over LPN varies from patient to patient. Patients at intermediate-probability of pentafecta achievement after LPN benefit the most from robotic surgery, which may be the potential ideal candidates for RAPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Songliang Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbo Huang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanxin Yao
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfeng Wang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Xuan
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.
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Examining and Understanding Value: The Cost of Preoperative Characteristics, Intraoperative Variables and Postoperative Complications of Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy. UROLOGY PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urpr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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3
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Impact of Surgical Factors on Robotic Partial Nephrectomy Outcomes: Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol 2018; 200:258-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Gu L, Ma X, Wang B, Xie Y, Li X, Gao Y, Lyu X, Huang Q, Fan Y, Yao Y, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang X. Laparoscopic vs robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for renal tumours of >4 cm: a propensity score-based analysis. BJU Int 2018; 122:449-455. [PMID: 29750392 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Xiangjun Lyu
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Qingbo Huang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Yuanxin Yao
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases; Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School; Beijing China
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Halpern JA, Oromendia C, Shoag JE, Mittal S, Cosiano MF, Ballman KV, Vickers AJ, Hu JC. Use of Digital Rectal Examination as an Adjunct to Prostate Specific Antigen in the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2017; 199:947-953. [PMID: 29061540 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Guidelines from the NCCN® (National Comprehensive Cancer Network®) advocate digital rectal examination screening only in men with elevated prostate specific antigen. We investigated the effect of prostate specific antigen on the association of digital rectal examination and clinically significant prostate cancer in a large American cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the records of the 35,350 men who underwent digital rectal examination in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening trial for the development of clinically significant prostate cancer (Gleason 7 or greater). Followup was 343,273 person-years. The primary outcome was the rate of clinically significant prostate cancer among men with vs without suspicious digital rectal examination. We performed competing risks regression to evaluate the interaction between time varying suspicious digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. RESULTS A total of 1,713 clinically significant prostate cancers were detected with a 10-year cumulative incidence of 5.9% (95% CI 5.6-6.2). Higher risk was seen for suspicious vs nonsuspicious digital rectal examination. Increases in absolute risk were small and clinically irrelevant for normal (less than 2 ng/ml) prostate specific antigen (1.5% vs 0.7% risk of clinically significant prostate cancer at 10 years), clinically relevant for elevated (3 ng/ml or greater) prostate specific antigen (23.0% vs 13.7%) and modestly clinically relevant for equivocal (2 to 3 ng/ml) prostate specific antigen (6.5% vs 3.5%). CONCLUSIONS Digital rectal examination demonstrated prognostic usefulness when prostate specific antigen was greater than 3 ng/ml, limited usefulness for less than 2 ng/ml and marginal usefulness for 2 to 3 ng/ml. These findings support the restriction of digital rectal examination to men with higher prostate specific antigen as a reflex test to improve specificity. It should not be used as a primary screening modality to improve sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Halpern
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Clara Oromendia
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan E Shoag
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Sameer Mittal
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Michael F Cosiano
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Karla V Ballman
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Vickers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jim C Hu
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
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Cheung H, Wang Y, Chang SL, Khandwala Y, Del Giudice F, Chung BI. Adoption of Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomies: A Population-Based Analysis of U.S. Surgeons from 2004 to 2013. J Endourol 2017; 31:886-892. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2017.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoiwan Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Ye Wang
- Division of Urology and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven L. Chang
- Division of Urology and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yash Khandwala
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetrics Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin I. Chung
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Piechaud-Kressmann J, Bellec L, Delchier-Bellec MC, Beauval JB, Roumiguié M, Gamé X, Soulie M, Rischmann P, Malavaud B. Le traitement des petites tumeurs du rein : efficacité et comparaison des coûts. Prog Urol 2016; 26:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Han KS, Song GH, You D, Song C, Jeong IG, Hong JH, Ahn H, Kim CS, Hong B. Comparison of Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic vs Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic vs Open Partial Nephrectomy in Patients with T1 Renal Masses. J Endourol 2014; 31:374-379. [PMID: 25353326 DOI: 10.1089/end.2014.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the validity of hand-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (HALPN) for small renal masses, patients who underwent HALPN, robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN), or open partial nephrectomy (OPN) at a single medical institution were compared in terms of perioperative outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, all 590 consecutive patients who underwent HALPN (n=89), RALPN (n=147), or OPN (n=354) between July 2011 and April 2014 in a single institute were compared in terms of perioperative outcomes, including the mean operative time, warm ischemia time (WIT), length of the hospital stay, change in the estimated glomerulofiltration rate (eGFR), duration of analgesic use, surgical margins, and adverse events. The patient groups were compared by a multivariate regression model, in which adjustments were made for differences in baseline demographic and tumor characteristics. RESULTS OPN associated with a significantly longer mean operative time (187 minutes) than RALPN (162 minutes; p<0.001) or HALPN (172 minutes; p=0.013), a longer hospital stay (7.3, 5.3, and 5.9 days, respectively; p<0.001 and <0.001, respectively), and a longer duration of analgesic use (6.6, 4.6, and 5.4 days, respectively; p<0.001 and <0.001, respectively). HALPN and RALPN were equivalent in terms of operative time. RALPN had a significantly longer WIT than HALPN and OPN (p<0.001 and <0.001, respectively). HALPN had a significantly longer hospital stay than RALPN (p=0.026). The three methods differed in terms of eGFR change (p=0.028), but multivariate analysis found that the surgical method was not a significant factor for eGFR. The three methods did not differ in terms of complication rates. CONCLUSIONS HALPN associated with shorter operative and convalescence times compared with OPN. HALPN was generally not inferior to RALPN in terms of perioperative outcomes, although it associated with a longer convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sik Han
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Gee Hyun Song
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dalsan You
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheryn Song
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - In Gab Jeong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Bumsik Hong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Azawi NH, Norus TP, Wittendorff HE, Dahl C. Hand-assisted partial nephrectomy with early arterial clamp removal: Impact of the learning curve. Scand J Urol 2014; 48:538-43. [DOI: 10.3109/21681805.2014.925499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nessn H. Azawi
- Department of Urology, Roskilde Hospital,
Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Claus Dahl
- Department of Urology, Roskilde Hospital,
Roskilde, Denmark
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10
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Hu JC, Treat E, Filson CP, McLaren I, Xiong S, Stepanian S, Hafez KS, Weizer AZ, Porter J. Technique and outcomes of robot-assisted retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy: a multicenter study. Eur Urol 2014; 66:542-9. [PMID: 24857539 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robot-assisted retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy (RARPN) may be used for posterior renal masses or with prior abdominal surgery; however, there is relatively less familiarity with RARPN. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate RARPN technique and outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective multicenter study of 227 consecutive RARPNs was performed at the Swedish Medical Center, the University of Michigan, and the University of California, Los Angeles, from 2006 to 2013. SURGICAL PROCEDURE RARPN. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We assessed positive margins and cancer recurrence. Stepwise regression was used to examine factors associated with complications, estimated blood loss (EBL), warm ischemia time (WIT), operative time (OT), and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The median age was 60 yr (interquartile range [IQR]: 52-66), and the median body mass index (BMI) was 28.2 kg/m(2) (IQR: 25.6-32.6). Median maximum tumor diameter was 2.3 cm (IQR: 1.7-3.1). Median OT and WIT were 165 min (IQR: 134-200) and 19 min (IQR: 16-24), respectively; median EBL was 75 ml (IQR: 50-150), and median LOS was 2 d (IQR: 1-3). Twenty-eight subjects (12.3%) experienced complications, three (1.3%) had urine leaks, and three (1.3%) had pseudoaneurysms that required reintervention. There was one conversion to radical nephrectomy and three transfusions. Overall, 143 clear cell carcinomas (62.6%) composed most of the histology with eight positive margins (3.5%) and two recurrences (0.9%) with a median follow-up of 2.7 yr. In adjusted analyses, intersurgeon variation was associated with complications (odds ratio [OR]: 3.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-10.27; p = 0.014) and WIT (parameter estimate [PE; plus or minus standard error]: 4.84 ± 2.14; p = 0.025). Higher surgeon volume was associated with shorter WIT (PE: -0.06 ± 0.02; p = 0.002). Higher BMI was associated with longer OT (PE: 2.09 ± 0.56; p < 0.001). Longer OT was associated with longer LOS (PE: 0.01 ± 0.01; p = 0.002). Finally, there was a trend for intersurgeon variation in OT (PE: 18.5 ± 10.3; p = 0.075). CONCLUSIONS RARPN has acceptable morbidity and oncologic outcomes, despite intersurgeon variation in WIT and complications. Greater experience is associated with shorter WIT. PATIENT SUMMARY Robot-assisted retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy has acceptable morbidity and oncologic outcomes, and there is intersurgeon variation in warm ischemia time and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim C Hu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Eric Treat
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Filson
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian McLaren
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Siwei Xiong
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Khaled S Hafez
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alon Z Weizer
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Salloum C, Subar D, Memeo R, Tayar C, Laurent A, Malek A, Azoulay D. Laparoscopic robotic liver surgery: the Henri Mondor initial experience of 20 cases. J Robot Surg 2013; 8:119-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11701-013-0437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Froghi S, Ahmed K, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, Challacombe B. Evaluation of robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumours (T1a). BJU Int 2013; 112:E322-33. [PMID: 23480733 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with robotic PN (RPN) using meta-analytical techniques, since there has been a rise in the incidence of small renal masses (SRM; <4 cm) minimally invasive approaches are becoming more popular in dealing with such pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies comparing LPN and RPN. Comparative studies evaluating RPN and LPN that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Data on preoperative, operative (operative time, estimated blood loss [EBL], and warm ischaemia time [WIT]), postoperative (length of stay [LOS]) variables and complications were collected. A meta-analysis using random effect model was performed. A further Bland-Altman analysis of some of the operative variables was done to compare their reproducibility and mean difference in techniques. RESULTS Six studies matched the selection criteria. In all, 256 patients were analysed (40% RPN and 60% LPN). There was no significant different in EBL (P = 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] -12.01 to 104.26). Similarly, there was no significant different in WIT between the groups (P = 0.23, 95% CI -15.22 to 3.70). Also, LOS (P = 0.22, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.09) and overall postoperative complication rates were not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.84, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Despite multiple studies reporting better perioperative variables for RPN, the present study found no significant differences between RPN and LPN. This has implications for both the surgeon and the patient. Lack of randomised controlled trials in addition to a lack of long-term oncological data for RPN are current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Froghi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Hospital, London, UK
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