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Wang C, Liu S, Wang Z, Wang M, Pang H, Liu Y, Chang H, Sui Z. Rapid and Accurate Quantification of Viable Lactobacillus Cells in Infant Formula by Flow Cytometry Combined with Propidium Monoazide and Signal-Enhanced Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1093-1101. [PMID: 38204177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillus is an important member of the probiotic bacterial family for regulating human intestinal microflora and preserving its normalcy, and it has been widely used in infant formula. An appropriate and feasible method to quantify viable Lactobacilli cells is urgently required to evaluate the quality of probiotic-fortified infant formula. This study presents a rapid and accurate method to count viable Lactobacilli cells in infant formula using flow cytometry (FCM). First, Lactobacillus cells were specifically and rapidly stained by oligonucleotide probes based on a signal-enhanced fluorescence in situ hybridization (SEFISH) technique. A DNA-binding fluorescent probe, propidium monoazide (PMA), was then used to accurately recognize viable Lactobacillus cells. The entire process of this newly developed PMA-SEFISH-FCM method was accomplished within 2.5 h, which included pretreatment, dual staining, and FCM analysis; thus, this method showed considerably shorter time-to-results than other rapid methods. This method also demonstrated a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9994) with the traditional plate-based method with a bacterial recovery rate of 91.24%. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of FCM combined with PMA and FISH for the specific detection of viable bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
| | - Huimin Pang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
| | - Haiyan Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 10002, China
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Naghshgar N, Hosseinzadeh S, Derakhshandeh A, Shaali R, Doroodmand MM. Introducing a portable electrochemical biosensor for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection using graphene oxide and chitosan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:34. [PMID: 38167964 PMCID: PMC10761741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, a novel, low-cost, high throughput, and ultra-selective electrochemical DNA nanobiosensor was developed for accurate on-site detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in real media for practical diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD). The method was designed based on the immobilization of graphene oxide and chitosan biopolymer on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, modified by electrochemical immobilization of graphene oxide and chitosan biopolymer, followed by activation of biopolymer via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling system. Afterward, the commercial probe DNA (ssDNA) was stabilized on the activated electrode surface to prepare an ultra-selective ssDNA-stabilized nanobiosensor for MAP sensing called "ssDNA-stabilized GO-CH-EDC/NHS-modified electrode". Several characterization methods distinguished the bioelectrode. The DNA hybridization between the nanobiosensor and target DNA was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. "At optimal experimental conditions, the nanobiosensor showed a linear range of 1.0 × 10-15-1.0 × 10-12 mol L-1, a detection limit as low as 1.53 × 10-13 mol L-1, and a repeatability with a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 4.7%. The reproducibility was also appropriate, with a %RSD of about 10%. It was used to diagnose MAP in real samples with highly accurate results. Therefore, the developed nanobiosensor can be used for clinical diagnosis of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Naghshgar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saied Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Shaali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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Sisson D, Beechler B, Jabbar A, Jolles A, Hufschmid J. Epidemiology of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale infections in African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) from Kruger National Park, South Africa. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:47-54. [PMID: 37124669 PMCID: PMC10140747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Image 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Sisson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Brianna Beechler
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Anna Jolles
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall, 3029, 2701 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Karuppusamy S, Mutharia L, Kelton D, Plattner B, Mallikarjunappa S, Karrow N, Kirby G. Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Microorganisms Using Antigenic MAP Cell Envelope Proteins. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615029. [PMID: 33614761 PMCID: PMC7887298 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell envelope proteins from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) that are antigenically distinct from closely related mycobacterial species are potentially useful for Johne's Disease (JD) diagnosis. We evaluated the potential of ELISAs, based on six antigenically distinct recombinant MAP cell envelope proteins (SdhA, FadE25_2, FadE3_2, Mkl, DesA2, and hypothetical protein MAP1233) as well as an extract of MAP total cell envelope proteins, to detect antibodies against MAP in the sera of infected cattle. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of an ELISA based on MAP total cell envelope proteins, when analyzing 153 bovine serum samples, was 75 and 96%, respectively. Analysis of the same samples, using a commercial serum ELISA resulted in a Se of 56% and Sp of 99%. Results of ELISA analysis using plates coated with recombinant cell envelope proteins ranged from a highest Se of 94% and a lowest Sp of 79% for Sdh A to a lowest Se of 67% and a highest Sp of 95% for hypothetical protein MAP1233. Using polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope proteins, immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal and lymph node tissues from JD-positive cattle detected MAP organisms whereas antibodies to recombinant proteins did not. Finally, polyclonal antibodies to MAP total cell envelope protein and to recombinant SdhA, FadE25_2, and DesA2 proteins immunomagnetically separated MAP microorganisms spiked in PBS. These results suggest that antigenically distinct MAP cell envelope proteins and antibodies to these proteins may have potential to detect MAP infection in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Mutharia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niel Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Bannantine JP, Wadhwa A, Stabel JR, Eda S. Characterization of Ethanol Extracted Cell Wall Components of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040088. [PMID: 31683552 PMCID: PMC6958465 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens extracted using ethanol (EtOH) and incorporated in the EtOH vortex ELISA (EVELISA) test have previously shown high specificity and sensitivity for detecting Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) and M. bovis infections in cattle. The objective of this study is to define the components present in the EtOH extract. We show that this extract is composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins on the surface of the bacilli, and that EtOH removes the outer layer structure of Map which comprise these elements. To identify proteins, polyclonal antibodies to the EtOH prep were produced and used to screen a Map genomic expression library. Seven overlapping clones were identified with a single open reading frame, MAP_0585, common to all. MAP_0585, which encodes a hypothetical protein, was recombinantly produced and used to demonstrate strong reactivity in sera from hyperimmunized rabbits, but this protein is not strongly immunogenic in cattle with Johne’s disease. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the presence of additional proteins in the EtOH extract. These antibodies demonstrated that a well-known antigen, termed MPB83, is present in M. bovis EtOH extracts and a fatty acid desaturase (MAP_2698c) is present in Map EtOH extracts, while lipoarabinomannan was common to both. The lipid and carbohydrate components of the extract were analyzed using thin layer chromatography and lectin binding, respectively. Lectin biding and protease treatment of the EtOH extract suggest the antigenic component is carbohydrate and not protein. These results give further insight into this important antigen prep for detecting mycobacterial diseases of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Ashutosh Wadhwa
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Judith R Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Wadhwa A, Johonson RE, Eda K, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Bannantine JP, Eda S. Evaluation of ethanol vortex ELISA for detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and deer. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:147. [PMID: 24992970 PMCID: PMC4096425 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of serological assays for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (TB) has been intensively studied and use of specific antigens have aided in improving the diagnostic accuracy of the assays. In the present study, we report an in-house enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), developed by using ethanol extract of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The assay, named (ethanol vortex ELISA [EVELISA]), was evaluated for detection of anti- M. bovis antibodies in the sera of cattle and white-tailed deer. Methods By using the EVELISA, we tested sera obtained from two species of animals; cattle (n = 62 [uninfected, n = 40; naturally infected, n = 22]) and white-tailed deer (n = 41 [uninfected, n = 25; naturally infected, n = 7; experimentally infected, n = 9]). To detect species specific molecules, components in the ethanol extract were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and western blotting. Results Among the tested animals, 77.2% of infected cattle and 87.5% of infected deer tested positive for anti- M. bovis antibody. There were only minor false positive reactions (7.5% in cattle and 0% in deer) in uninfected animals. M. bovis -specific lipids and protein (MPB83) in the ethanol extract were detected by thin layer chromatography and western blotting, respectively. Conclusion The results warrant further evaluation and validation of EVELISA for bovine TB diagnosis of traditional and alternative livestock as well as for free-ranging animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, 274 Ellington Plant Science Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Wadhwa A, Johnson RE, Mackintosh CG, Griffin JFT, Waters WR, Bannantine JP, Eda S. Use of ethanol extract of Mycobacterium bovis for detection of specific antibodies in sera of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bovine tuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:256. [PMID: 24341485 PMCID: PMC3878491 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in wildlife species poses a threat to domestic livestock in many situations. Control programs for bTB in livestock depend on testing and slaughtering the positive animals; however, the currently available diagnostic tests often have poor specificity. In our previous study, we developed a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for another mycobacterial disease – Johne’s disease, using surface antigens of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) extracted by briefly agitating the bacilli in 80% ethanol solution. The ELISA test was named ethanol vortex ELISA (EVELISA). The objective of this study is to examine whether EVELISA technique could be used to specifically detect anti-Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) antibodies in the serum of M. bovis-infected farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). We tested a total of 45 red deer serum samples, divided in 3 groups – uninfected animals (n = 15), experimentally infected with M. bovis (n = 15) and experimentally infected with MAP (n = 15). Results The presence of anti-M. bovis antibodies was tested using an ethanol extract of M. bovis. Without absorption of anti-MAP cross reactive antibodies, it was found that 13 out of the 15 MAP-infected animals showed high antibody binding. Using heat killed MAP as an absorbent of cross reactive antibodies, anti-M. bovis antibodies were detected in 86.7% of M. bovis-infected animals with minor false positive results caused by MAP infection. Conclusions The results from this study suggest that EVELISA may form a basis for a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of bTB in farmed red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Flow cytometric detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected and naturally exposed calves. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1457-65. [PMID: 23885032 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00295-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A desirable test to diagnose infections with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis facilitates identification of infected cattle prior to the state of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedding. This study aimed at adjusting a flow cytometry (FC)-based assay, using intact M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacteria as the antigen, for diagnosis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves. Serum samples were collected from experimentally infected (n = 12) and naturally exposed (n = 32) calves. Samples from five calves from positive dams were analyzed to determine the dynamics of maternal antibodies. Samples from adult cattle with defined infection status served as the standard (18 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedders, 22 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis free). After preadsorption with Mycobacterium phlei, sera were incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium bacterial suspensions, respectively, followed by the separate detection of bovine IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM attached to the bacterial surface. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific sample/positive (S/P) ratios were compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) S/P ratios. In adult cattle, the FC assay for IgG1 had a sensitivity of 78% at a specificity of 100%. Maternally acquired antibodies could be detected in calves up to 121 days of life. While all but two sera taken at day 100 ± 10 postnatum from naturally exposed calves tested negative, elevated S/P ratios (IgG and IgG1) became detectable from 44 and 46 weeks postinoculation onwards in two calves infected experimentally. Even with the optimized FC assay, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies can only occasionally be detected in infected calves less than 12 months of age. The failure to detect such antibodies apparently reflects the distinct immunobiology of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections rather than methodological constraints.
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Wadhwa A, Foote RS, Shaw RW, Eda S. Bead-based microfluidic immunoassay for diagnosis of Johne's disease. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wadhwa A, Bannantine JP, Byrem TM, Stein TL, Saxton AM, Speer CA, Eda S. Optimization of serum EVELISA for milk testing of Johne's disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:749-54. [PMID: 22845627 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is one of the most economically important diseases of dairy cattle. Control of JD could be achieved by good herd management practices, and diagnosis; however, this approach has been hampered by the low sensitivity of currently available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. In our previous study, we developed a sensitive serum ELISA test, ethanol-vortex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EVELISA), using ethanol extract of MAP. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the EVELISA can be used for detection of anti-MAP antibodies in milk samples. In this study, we tested and optimized concentrations of antigen, milk, and secondary antibody for better differentiation of milk samples of cattle with MAP infections from those of cattle in JD-free herds. We evaluated five environmental mycobacteria as absorbents of cross-reactive antibodies in milk and found that the mycobacteria had no significant effect on EVELISA results. Using the optimized conditions, a total of 57 milk samples from Holstein dairy cattle (37 animals found positive on the fecal polymerase chain reaction test and 20 animals from JD-free herds) were tested for anti-MAP antibody in milk by using the EVELISA method. The average of ELISA values in the JD-positive milk samples (mean±SD=0.355±0.455) was significantly higher than that in the JD-negative milk samples (mean±SD=0.071±0.011). These results warrant further studies for evaluation and validation of the EVELISA for milk testing of cattle for JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Wadhwa
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Opportunities for improved serodiagnosis of human tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis, and paratuberculosis. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:674238. [PMID: 22720192 PMCID: PMC3375143 DOI: 10.1155/2012/674238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections—tuberculosis (TB), bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and Johne's disease (JD)—are major infectious diseases of both human and animals. Methods presently in use for diagnosis of mycobacterial infections include bacterial culture, nucleic acid amplification, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γ assay, and serology. Serological tests have several advantages over other methods, including short turn-around time, relatively simple procedures, and low cost. However, current serodiagnostic methods for TB, bTB and JD exhibit low sensitivity and/or specificity. Recent studies that have aimed to develop improved serodiagnostic tests have mostly focused on identifying useful species-specific protein antigens. A review of recent attempts to improve diagnostic test performance indicates that the use of multiple antigens can improve the accuracy of serodiagnosis of these mycobacterial diseases. Mycobacteria also produce a variety of species-specific nonprotein molecules; however, only a few such molecules (e.g., cord factor and lipoarabinomannan) have so far been evaluated for their effectiveness as diagnostic antigens. For TB and bTB, there has been recent progress in developing laboratory-free diagnostic methods. New technologies such as microfluidics and “Lab-on-Chip” are examples of promising new technologies that can underpin development of laboratory-free diagnostic devices for these mycobacterial infections.
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Kawaji S, Gumber S, Whittington RJ. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) stress-associated recombinant proteins. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155:298-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Production and evaluation of antibodies and phage display-derived peptide ligands for immunomagnetic separation of Mycobacterium bovis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1598-605. [PMID: 22322353 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05747-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the development and optimization of an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method to isolate Mycobacterium bovis cells from lymph node tissues. Gamma-irradiated whole M. bovis AF2122/97 cells and ethanol-extracted surface antigens of such cells were used to produce M. bovis-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in rabbits and mice. They were also used to generate M. bovis-specific peptide ligands by phage display biopanning. The various antibodies and peptide ligands obtained were used to coat MyOne tosyl-activated Dynabeads (Life Technologies), singly or in combination, and evaluated for IMS. Initially, M. bovis capture from Middlebrook 7H9 broth suspensions (concentration range, 10 to 10(5) CFU/ml) was evaluated by IMS combined with an M. bovis-specific touchdown PCR. IMS-PCR results and, subsequently, IMS-culture results indicated that the beads with greatest immunocapture capability for M. bovis in broth were those coated simultaneously with a monoclonal antibody and a biotinylated 12-mer peptide. These dually coated beads exhibited minimal capture (mean of 0.36% recovery) of 12 other Mycobacterium spp. occasionally encountered in veterinary tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic laboratories. When the optimized IMS method was applied to various M. bovis-spiked lymph node matrices, it demonstrated excellent detection sensitivities (50% limits of detection of 3.16 and 57.7 CFU/ml of lymph node tissue homogenate for IMS-PCR and IMS-culture, respectively). The optimized IMS method therefore has the potential to improve isolation of M. bovis from lymph nodes and hence the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
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Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Lamont EA, Briggs RE, Sreevatsan S. Monoclonal Antibodies Bind A SNP-Sensitive Epitope that is Present Uniquely in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:163. [PMID: 21845186 PMCID: PMC3145258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a close genetic relatedness, there is no known antibody that detects Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep, and does not cross-react with other M. avium subspecies. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MAb; 17A12) was identified from mice immunized with a cell membrane fraction of MAP strain K-10. This antibody is 100% specific as it detected a 25-kDa protein in all 29 MAP whole cell lysates, but did not bind to any of the 29 non-paratuberculosis strains tested in immunoblot assays. However, the antibody revealed variable reactivity levels in MAP strains as it detected higher levels in bovine isolates but comparably lower levels in ovine isolates of MAP. In order to identify the target binding protein for 17A12, a lambda phage expression library of MAP genomic fragments was screened with the MAb. Four reactive clones were identified, sequenced and all shown to be overlapping. Further analysis revealed all four clones expressed an unknown protein encoded by a sequence that is not annotated in the K-10 genome and overlapped with MAP3422c on the opposing DNA strand. The epitope of 17A12 was precisely defined to seven amino acids and was used to query the K-10 genome. Similarity searches revealed another protein, encoded by MAP1025, possessed a similar epitope (one-amino acid mismatch) that also reacted strongly to the antibody. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MAP1025 was then identified by comparative sequence analysis, which results in a Pro28His change at residue 28, the first amino acid within the 17A12 epitope. This SNP is present in all MAP strains but absent in all non-MAP strains and accounts for the specificity of the 17A12 antibody. This new antibody is the first ever isolated that binds only to the paratuberculosis subspecies of M. avium and opens new possibilities for the specific detection of this significant ruminant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
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Patel A, Shah N. Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis--incidences in milk and milk products, their isolation, enumeration, characterization, and role in human health. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2011; 44:473-9. [PMID: 21620785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), excreted in the feces and milk, is reported to be not easily inactivated by pasteurization and thermal treatments as other bacteria infecting humans and animals do. The D values of all MAP strains tested were considerably higher than those published for other pathogens. Culturing techniques for this organism are labor intensive. Although an increasing amount of scientific evidence suggests that this organism can be responsible for at least some cases of Crohn's disease (CD), there is controversy about MAP being a cause of CD in humans. In general, although some studies have described an association between the presence of MAP and CD, the role of Mycobacterium species and MAP in the etiology of this human disease remains unestablished. Although published reports indicate that it may not be completely inactivated by pasteurization of milk, the effectiveness of increasing the time or temperature in the pasteurization process has not been established and hence any potential benefit to human health cannot be determined. This article summarizes the incidences of MAP in milk and milk products with respect to human health and brief discussion of various serological as well as molecular techniques used for their isolation, enumeration, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC college of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
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Immunogenicity and reactivity of novel Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis PPE MAP1152 and conserved MAP1156 proteins with sera from experimentally and naturally infected animals. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:105-12. [PMID: 21084462 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00297-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. Development of genetic tools and completion of the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome sequencing project have expanded the opportunities for antigen discovery. In this study, we determined the seroreactivities of two proteins encoded at the 5' and 3' regions of the MAP1152-MAP1156 gene cluster. MAP1152 encodes a PPE protein, and MAP1156 encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in triglyceride metabolism and classified in the uncharacterized protein family UPF0089. Recombinant MAP proteins were overproduced and purified from Escherichia coli as maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusions. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that both MAP1152 and MAP1156 displayed reactivity against sera of mice and rabbits immunized with live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells and against samples from naturally infected cattle. In immunoblot assays, MAP1156 yielded a stronger positive signal than MAP1152 against sera from cattle with JD. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the recombinant proteins was developed and used to test preclassified positive and negative serum samples from naturally infected and noninfected cattle. Samples, with one exception, displayed no seroreactivity against the MBP-LacZ fusion protein (P > 0.05), the negative-control antigen. MAP1152 displayed seroreactivity against all positive sera but no seroreactivity to the negative sera (P < 0.01). MAP1156 displayed stronger and more variable reactivity than MAP1152, but significant differences were observed between noninfected and infected cattle (P < 0.05). Otherwise, degrees of reactivity followed the same trend as the positive reference antigen. In conclusion, both proteins are immunogenic in mice and rabbits, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle mount a humoral response to both MAP1152 and MAP1156 cross-reactive epitopes. These findings have potential applications to diagnostics, vaccine production, and elucidation of the immunopathogenesis of JD.
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Scott MC, Bannantine JP, Kaneko Y, Branscum AJ, Whitlock RH, Mori Y, Speer CA, Eda S. Absorbed EVELISA: a diagnostic test with improved specificity for Johne's disease in cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1291-6. [PMID: 20704508 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) is recommended for Johne's disease (JD) control in dairy herds. In 2006, we developed a novel ELISA test for JD, named EVELISA (ELISA using ethanol extract of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis), which showed higher sensitivity than commercial ELISA tests. To further investigate the performance of EVELISA, we obtained 38 serum samples from cattle in a JD-free herd with suspected cases of serological false-positive reactions. When these samples were tested using the EVELISA and a commercial ELISA test, more than 70% of the samples were falsely identified as JD positive. Antibodies in the serum samples reacted strongly with antigens of various environmental mycobacteria, suggesting the presence of cross-reactive antibodies in the samples. The possible cross reactions in the EVELISA were inhibited markedly by the use of Mycobacterium phlei antigens for antibody absorption. When these samples were tested, 8 samples were classified as positive for JD by the EVELISA with the antibody absorption, whereas 27 samples were classified as positive for JD by the commercial ELISA. For an estimation of tentative sensitivity and specificity, the ELISA tests were performed on 38 serum samples from JD-negative herds with no suspected cases of serological false-positive reaction and 68 samples from cattle diagnosed as positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection by fecal culture test. Sensitivity and specificity of the EVELISA with preabsorption of serum with M. phlei ("ethanol vortex absorbed-ELISA" or EVA-ELISA) were estimated to be 97.1% and 100%, respectively, whereas those of the commercial ELISA were 48.5% and 97.4%, respectively. Further, in 85 fecal culture-negative cattle in JD-positive herds, higher sensitivity of the EVA-ELISA than the commercial ELISA was demonstrated by a Bayesian analysis. This study indicates that the EVA-ELISA may form a basis for a sensitive diagnostic test with a higher level of specificity than that of the current commercial ELISA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Scott
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Leroy B, Roupie V, Noël-Georis I, Rosseels V, Walravens K, Govaerts M, Huygen K, Wattiez R. Antigen discovery: A postgenomic approach to paratuberculosis diagnosis. Proteomics 2007; 7:1164-76. [PMID: 17366477 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis caused in domestic and wild ruminant species by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that is responsible for major economic losses to the agricultural industry. To date, no satisfactory therapeutic, vaccine, or diagnostic tools are available, globally impairing all control programs. In this study, we have undertaken a large-scale postgenomic analysis of MAP proteins, to identify specific antigens that could potentially improve the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Two complementary approaches were implemented, the first one consisting in the systematic proteomic identification of proteins present in MAP culture filtrates (CFs), followed by the selection of MAP-specific proteins by BLAST query on available mycobacterial genomes. The resulting database represents the first established secretome of MAP and a useful source of potentially specific antigens. The second approach consisted in the immunoproteomic analysis of both MAP extracts and CFs, using sera from MAP-infected and uninfected cattle. Combining results obtained with both approaches resulted in the identification of 25 candidate diagnostic antigens. Five of these were tested in an ELISA assay for their diagnostic potential, on a limited panel of field sera, and the combination of three of them competed in performance with available commercial assays, reaching a test sensitivity of 94.74% and specificity of 97.92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Leroy
- Department of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons, Belgium
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Collins MT. Proper estimation of sensitivity and specificity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1373; author reply 1373-4. [PMID: 17151187 PMCID: PMC1694444 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00283-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Collins
- University of Wisconsin-MadisonPathobiological Sciences2015 Linden Ave.Madison, Wisconsin 53706Phone: (608) 262-8457Fax: (608) 265-6463E-mail:
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Eda S, Bannantine JP, Waters WR, Mori Y, Whitlock RH, Scott MC, Speer CA. A highly sensitive and subspecies-specific surface antigen enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Johne's disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:837-44. [PMID: 16893982 PMCID: PMC1539126 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00148-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), or paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is one of the most widespread and economically important diseases of livestock and wild ruminants worldwide. Control of JD could be accomplished by diagnosis and good animal husbandry, but this is currently not feasible because commercially available diagnostic tests have low sensitivity levels and are incapable of diagnosing prepatent infections. In this study, a highly sensitive and subspecies-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the diagnosis of JD by using antigens extracted from the surface of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Nine different chemicals and various intervals of agitation by vortex were evaluated for their ability to extract the surface antigens. Various quantities of surface antigens per well in a 96-well microtiter plate were also tested. The greatest differences in distinguishing between JD-positive and JD-negative serum samples by ethanol vortex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EVELISA) were obtained with surface antigens dislodged from 50 microg/well of bacilli treated with 80% ethanol followed by a 30-second interval of agitation by vortex. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the EVELISA were 97.4% and 100%, respectively. EVELISA plates that had been vacuum-sealed and then tested 7 weeks later (the longest interval tested) had diagnostic specificity and sensitivity rates of 96.9 and 100%, respectively. In a comparative study involving serum samples from 64 fecal culture-positive cattle, the EVELISA identified 96.6% of the low-level fecal shedders and 100% of the midlevel and high-level shedders, whereas the Biocor ELISA detected 13.7% of the low-level shedders, 25% of the mid-level shedders, and 96.2% of the high-level shedders. Thus, the EVELISA was substantially superior to the Biocor ELISA, especially in detecting low-level and midlevel shedders. The EVELISA may form the basis for a highly sensitive and subspecies-specific test for the diagnosis of JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Eda
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1071, USA
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Speer CA, Scott MC, Bannantine JP, Waters WR, Mori Y, Whitlock RH, Eda S. A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections (Johne's Disease) in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:535-40. [PMID: 16682472 PMCID: PMC1459654 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.5.535-540.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, were developed using whole bacilli treated with formaldehyde (called WELISA) or surface antigens obtained by treatment of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli with formaldehyde and then brief sonication (called SELISA). ELISA plates were coated with either whole bacilli or sonicated antigens and tested for reactivity against serum obtained from JD-positive and JD-negative cattle or from calves experimentally inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, or Mycobacterium bovis. Because the initial results obtained from the WELISA and SELISA were similar, most of the subsequent experiments reported herein were performed using the SELISA method. To optimize the SELISA test, various concentrations (3.7 to 37%) of formaldehyde and intervals of sonication (2 to 300 s) were tested. With an increase in formaldehyde concentration and a decreased interval of sonication, there was a concomitant decrease in nonspecific binding by the SELISA. SELISAs prepared by treating M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with 37% formaldehyde and then a 2-s burst of sonication produced the greatest difference (7x) between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-negative and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive serum samples. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for JD by the SELISA were greater than 95%. The SELISA showed subspecies-specific detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves experimentally inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or other mycobacteria. Based on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the SELISA appears superior to the commercial ELISAs routinely used for the diagnosis of JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Speer
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, P.O. Box 1071, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071, USA.
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