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Lu CW, Fu J, Liu XF, Cui ZH, Chen WW, Guo L, Li XL, Ren Y, Shao F, Chen LN, Hao JL. Impacts of air pollution and meteorological conditions on dry eye disease among residents in a northeastern Chinese metropolis: a six-year crossover study in a cold region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:186. [PMID: 37495595 PMCID: PMC10372063 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the associations among dry eye disease (DED), air pollution, and meteorological conditions in the cold region of a northeastern Chinese metropolis (i.e., Changchun). Data on ambient air pollutants and meteorological parameters as well as diagnosed DED outpatients during 2015-2021 were collected. The associations between DED and environmental factors were analysed at multiple time scales using various statistical methods (i.e., correlation, regression and machine learning). Among the 10,809 DED patients (21,617 eyes) studied, 64.60% were female and 35.40% were male. A higher frequency of DED was observed in March and April, followed by January, August and October. Individual and multiple factor models showed the positive importance of particles with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) among normal air pollutants and air pressure (AP), air temperature (AT) and wind speed (WS) among normal meteorological parameters. Air pollutants (PM10, nitrogen dioxide: NO2) and meteorological parameters (AT, AP) have combined impacts on DED occurrence. For the first time, we further explored the associations of detailed components of atmospheric particles and DED, suggesting potential emission sources, including spring dust from bare soil and roads and precursor pollutants of summer O3 formation from vehicles and industry in Northeast China. Our results revealed the quantitative associations among air pollutants, meteorological conditions and DED outpatients in cold regions, highlighting the importance of coordinated policies in air pollution control and climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Li Guo
- China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Shenyang Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, 110166, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Alves M, Asbell P, Dogru M, Giannaccare G, Grau A, Gregory D, Kim DH, Marini MC, Ngo W, Nowinska A, Saldanha IJ, Villani E, Wakamatsu TH, Yu M, Stapleton F. TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:1-52. [PMID: 37062427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma. Humidity is negatively associated with dry eye disease. There is little data on wind speed and dewpoint. High altitude and ultraviolet light exposure are associated with pterygium, ocular surface degenerations and neoplastic disease. Pollution is associated with dry eye disease and conjunctivitis. Primary Sjögren syndrome is associated with exposure to chemical solvents. Living within a potential zone of active volcanic eruption is associated with eye irritation. Indoor pollution, "sick" building or house can also be associated with eye irritation. Most ocular surface conditions are multifactorial, and several environmental factors may contribute to specific diseases. A systematic review was conducted to answer the following research question: "What are the associations between outdoor environment pollution and signs or symptoms of dry eye disease in humans?" Dry eye disease is associated with air pollution (from NO2) and soil pollution (from chromium), but not from air pollution from CO or PM10. Future research should adequately account for confounders, follow up over time, and report results separately for ocular surface findings, including signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Penny Asbell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Murat Dogru
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darren Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - William Ngo
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anna Nowinska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ian J Saldanha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Tais Hitomi Wakamatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitasha Yu
- Sensory Functions, Disability and Rehabilitation Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yu SF, Wang NN, Hu QL, Dang P, Chang S, Huang XY, Su R, Li H, Zhou J, Ma HL, Liu M, Zhang DL. Neurodynamics of awareness detection in Tibetan immigrants: evidence from EEG analysis. Neuroscience 2023; 522:69-80. [PMID: 37164304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The psychological effects of long-term exposure to high-altitude environments have attracted great attention. These effects are usually attributed to the diminished cognitive resources due to high-altitude exposure. This study employed electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the effects of exposure duration on awareness detection tasks. Neither reaction time nor accuracy showed the direct effects of the exposure duration, so did the model indexes obtained from drift diffusion model analysis. However, event-related potentials (ERP) analysis revealed that exposure duration was associated with changes in the visual awareness negativity (VAN) and the late positivity (LP) components, which in turn affected reaction time. Specifically, longer exposure durations were associated with lower VAN and higher LP, resulting in shorter reaction times and greater drift rate. In contrast to previous studies, the reverse relationship between VAN and LP may reflect a compensatory response to the reduced cognitive resources caused by high-altitude exposure. Additionally, increased LP and shorter reaction times with exposure duration may reflect a resistance to the high-altitude environment. We also conducted time-frequency analysis and found that theta power did not vary with exposure duration, suggesting that the reduction in cognitive resources remains stable in these individuals over time. Overall, our study provides new insights into the dynamic effects of high-altitude environments on awareness detection in the presence of reduced cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Fang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nian-Nian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan-Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Dang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Su
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lin Ma
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa/Guangzhou, China.
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Eidet JR, Chen X, Ræder S, Badian RA, Utheim TP. Seasonal variations in presenting symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in Norway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21046. [PMID: 36473933 PMCID: PMC9726935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the seasonal variations of presenting symptoms and signs of dry eye disease (DED) in Norway. 652 consecutive DED patients examined between August 2012 and May 2015 in Oslo, Norway, were included. Presenting symptoms and signs were related to the season according to when each patient was examined. Weather report data from the examination day were compared with the presenting symptoms and signs. Oslo's mean seasonal temperatures during spring, summer, fall, and winter were 6.4 °C, 15.6 °C, 9.3 °C, and - 2.1 °C, respectively. Dry eye severity level and self-reported symptoms measured by the Ocular surface disease index questionnaire did not differ between seasons. Schirmer I was lower during summer than in other seasons (P < 0.01). The percentage of patients with a pathological tear meniscus height (< 0.2 mm) was higher during fall (P < 0.01) and lower during winter (P < 0.05) compared to the other seasons. Signs and symptoms of DED generally did not correlate with weather report data, although intraocular pressure was weakly associated with mean daily air temperature (r = - 0.22; P < 0.001). Neither dry eye severity level nor dry eye symptoms differ between seasons in Oslo, Norway. However, some parameters for assessing DED show seasonal variations (Schirmer I and tear meniscus height), which are essential to consider when examining patients with DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Roger Eidet
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O. box 4956, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway ,grid.452467.6Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Southern Norway, Arendal, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sten Ræder
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reza A. Badian
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O. box 4956, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.452467.6Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Southern Norway, Arendal, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.412835.90000 0004 0627 2891Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.459157.b0000 0004 0389 7802Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway ,grid.412414.60000 0000 9151 4445Department of Research and Development, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.18883.3a0000 0001 2299 9255Department of Quality and Health Technology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.463530.70000 0004 7417 509XNational Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway ,grid.23048.3d0000 0004 0417 6230Department of Health and Nursing Science, The Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
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Jaki Mekjavic P, Tipton MJ, Mekjavic IB. The eye in extreme environments. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:52-64. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polona Jaki Mekjavic
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana Eye Clinic Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Automation Biocybernetics and Robotics Jozef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Igor B Mekjavic
- Department of Automation Biocybernetics and Robotics Jozef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Krusche T, Limmer M, Jendrusch G, Platen P. Influence of Natural Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Dynamic Visual Performance. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:1-11. [PMID: 31746645 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Both dynamic and static visual performances are essential for safety and motoric performance at altitude. There is a lack of information regarding alterations in dynamic visual performance (DVP) in oxygen-reduced environments. The purpose of this study was to analyze DVP in natural hypoxic conditions in a group of young, healthy hikers. Methods: DVP in four parafoveal subfields was analyzed using the computer-assisted Düsseldorf Test for Dynamic Vision. Measurements were performed twice at altitudes above 3500 m during an 8-day alpine hike. Results: On day 5 (3647 m), no changes in DVP were detected. On day 6 (4554 m), however, we found a significant reduction in DVP in the superior parafoveal retinal subfield, partly representing the lower visual field. The observed changes did not correlate with oxygen saturation, hematocrit, or cardiovascular parameters. We found no interrelation between symptoms of acute mountain sickness and DVP at altitude. Conclusions: Our data suggest that hiking at altitudes above 4500 m results in lower DVP in the visual field of healthy young people. The alteration might affect motor performance and coordination, increasing the risk of accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Krusche
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mirjam Limmer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gernot Jendrusch
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Wu Y, Qiong Da CR, Liu J, Yan X. Intraocular pressure and axial length changes during altitude acclimatization from Beijing to Lhasa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228267. [PMID: 31995608 PMCID: PMC6988913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and axial length (AL) on the ascent to high altitude from Beijing to Lhasa. Patients and methods Twenty volunteers (17 men, 3 women) who had been sent to work in Lhasa, Tibet for more than 6 months were enrolled. One of their journeys from Beijing to Lhasa was chosen as the time for the examination. IOP, AL, corneal curvature (K), and blood pressure (BP) were measured in Beijing (altitude 43 m) and Lhasa (altitude 3658 m). Their first examination was conducted at least 1 day before arriving in Lhasa and the second examination after they had stayed in Lhasa for 7 days. The data from the highland and lowland examinations were analyzed with a paired-sample T test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated for the association between IOP and average BP. Results The mean IOP was 12.65±2.34 mmHg in Beijing and 14.85±3.1 mmHg in Lhasa. The mean AL was 24.61±1.50mm in Beijing, and 24.98±1.45 mm in Lhasa. The IOP and AL showed a significant elevation in highland compared with lowland (P<0.05). The mean K was 43.58±2.25 D in Beijing and 43.56±2.21 D in Lhasa and no significant difference was found in this study (P>0.05). A positive correlation between variance of IOP and ACD was found (r = 0.475, P<0.05) and no correlation between IOP and average BP was noted. Conclusions High altitude may lead to a small but significant change in IOP and axial length. However, the shape of the corneal surface was not influenced by the hypobaric and hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ci Ren Qiong Da
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez-Garcia A, Loya-Garcia D, Hernandez-Quintela E, Navas A. Risk factors for ocular surface damage in Mexican patients with dry eye disease: a population-based study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 13:53-62. [PMID: 30613133 PMCID: PMC6306075 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s190803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze potential risk factors for ocular surface damage in a representative population of Mexican patients with dry eye disease (DED). PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective and cross-sectional population-based epidemiologic cohort study was conducted through a survey of patients with symptoms, signs, known preexisting diagnosis, and clinical conditions related to DED. Fluorescein staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), and Oxford lissamine green staining were performed on both eyes of patients enrolled in the study. RESULTS A total of 2,725 surveys including 1,543 (56.6%) women and 1,182 (43.3%) men were analyzed. Most common pre-existing diagnosis included dry eye (58%), chronic blepharitis (17%), and ocular allergy (15%). More than 70% of patients had a positive fluorescein test, and this prevalence increased proportionally to the number of reasons for consultation. The same was true for gender (P<0.001) and age (P<0.0001), with women showing a strong correlation with age (R2=0.93912, P=0.001). The association between positive fluorescein staining and diagnosis was significant for dry eye (P<0.0001), Sjögren's syndrome (P<0.0001), and glaucoma (P<0.05). No significant association between TBUT and age or gender was found, but the shorter the TBUT, the larger the prevalence of fluorescein staining. Reduced TBUT was seen more frequently in patients with dry eye (57%), ocular allergy (16%), and chronic blepharitis (15%). Most patients (39%) with Oxford grades III and IV were older, complained of red eye (51.0%), foreign body sensation (47.0%), burning (46.0%), and were using eye drops (67%) and systemic medications (47%). CONCLUSION The Mexican profile of patients with significant ocular surface damage related to DED includes women at older ages, complaining of red eye, foreign body, and burning sensation. Diagnoses of dry eye, Sjögren's syndrome, and glaucoma were also risk factors for significant ocular surface damage, along with long-term use of preserved eyes drops and systemic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Medical School and Health Sciences, Cornea and External Diseases Service, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico,
| | - Denise Loya-Garcia
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Medical School and Health Sciences, Cornea and External Diseases Service, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico,
| | - Everardo Hernandez-Quintela
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Asociacion para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, I.A.P. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Navas
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Instituto de Oftalmologia Conde de Valenciana, I.A.P. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Abstract
The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.
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Willmann G. Ultraviolet Keratitis: From the Pathophysiological Basis to Prevention and Clinical Management. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 16:277-82. [PMID: 26680683 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet keratitis is caused by the toxic effects of acute high-dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reflecting the sensitivity of the ocular surface to photochemical injury. The clinical syndrome presents with ocular pain, tearing, conjunctival chemosis, blepharospasm, and deterioration of vision typically several hours after exposure, lasting up to 3 days. Mountaineers, skiers, and beach recreationalists are particularly at risk to suffer from ultraviolet (UV) keratitis as the reflectivity of UVR in these environments is extremely high. The aim of this review is to raise awareness about the potential of UV damage on the eye with an emphasis on UV keratitis, to highlight the pathophysiological basis of corneal phototoxicity, and to provide practical guidance for the prevention and clinical management of UV keratitis commonly known as snow blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Willmann
- 1 Eye Hospital, Katharinenhospital , Stuttgart, Germany .,2 Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
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