1
|
Fan J, Shang D, Han B, Song J, Chen H, Yang JM. Adoptive Cell Transfer: Is it a Promising Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer? Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5784-5800. [PMID: 30555581 PMCID: PMC6276301 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed significant advances in the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) technique, which has been appreciated as one of the most promising treatments for patients with cancer. Utilization of ACT can enhance the function of the immune system or improve the specificity and persistence of transferred cells. Various immune cells including T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and even stem cells can be used in the ACT despite their different functional mechanisms. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignancies and causes millions of deaths worldwide every year. In this review, we discuss the status and perspective of the ACT in the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
|
2
|
Baggio L, Laureano ÁM, Silla LMDR, Lee DA. Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. Clin Immunol 2017; 177:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Goding SR, Yu S, Bailey LM, Lotze MT, Basse PH. Adoptive transfer of natural killer cells promotes the anti-tumor efficacy of T cells. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:76-86. [PMID: 27377534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The density of NK cells in tumors correlates positively with prognosis in many types of cancers. The average number of infiltrating NK cells is, however, quite modest (approximately 30 NK cells/sq.mm), even in tumors deemed to have a "high" density of infiltrating NK cells. It is unclear how such low numbers of tumor-infiltrating NK cells can influence outcome. Here, we used ovalbumin-expressing tumor cell lines and TCR transgenic, OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (OT-I-CTLs) to determine whether the simultaneous attack by anti-tumor CTLs and IL-2-activated NK (A-NK) cells synergistically increases the overall tumor cell kill and whether upregulation of tumor MHC class-I by NK cell-derived interferon-gamma (IFNγ) improves tumor-recognition and kill by anti-tumor CTLs. At equal E:T ratios, A-NK cells killed OVA-expressing tumor cells better than OT-I-CTLs. The cytotoxicity against OVA-expressing tumor cells increased by combining OT-I-CTLs and A-NK cells, but the increase was additive rather than synergistic. A-NK cells adenovirally-transduced to produce IL-12 (A-NKIL-12) produced high amounts of IFNγ. The addition of a low number of A-NKIL-12 cells to OT-I-CTLs resulted in a synergistic, albeit modest, increase in overall cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment of tumor cells with NK cell-conditioned medium increased tumor MHC expression and sensitivity to CTL-mediated killing. Pre-treatment of CTLs with NK cell-conditioned medium had no effect on CTL cytotoxicity. In vivo, MHC class-I expression by OVA-expressing B16 melanoma lung metastases increased significantly within 24-48h after adoptive transfer of A-NKIL-12 cells. OT-I-CTLs and A-NKIL-12 cells localized selectively and equally well into OVA-expressing B16 lung metastases and treatment of mice bearing 7-days-old OVA-B16 lung metastases with both A-NKIL-12 cells and OT-I-CTLs lead to a significant prolongation of survival. Thus, an important function of tumor-infiltrating NK cells may be to increase tumor cell expression of MHC class-I through secretion of IFNγ, to prepare them for recognition by tumor-specific CTLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Goding
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Shaohong Yu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa M Bailey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPCI Cell and Tissue Imaging facility at HCC, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, The Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song X, Hong SH, Kwon WT, Bailey LM, Basse P, Bartlett DL, Kwon YT, Lee YJ. Secretory TRAIL-Armed Natural Killer Cell-Based Therapy: In Vitro and In Vivo Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Xenograft. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1591-601. [PMID: 27196776 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1995, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has sparked growing interest among oncologists due to its remarkable ability to induce apoptosis in malignant human cells, but not in most normal cells. However, one major drawback is its fast clearance rate in vivo Thus, the development of an alternative means of delivery may increase the effectiveness of TRAIL-based therapy. In this study, we developed a secretory TRAIL-armed natural killer (NK) cell-based therapy and assessed its cytotoxic effects on colorectal cancer cells and its tumoricidal efficacy on colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis xenograft. We generated genetically modified NK cells by transduction with a lentiviral vector consisting of a secretion signal domain, a trimerization domain, and an extracellular domain of the TRAIL gene. These NK cells secreted a glycosylated form of TRAIL fusion protein that induced apoptotic death. Intraperitoneally, but not intravenously, injected NK cells effectively accumulated at tumor sites, infiltrated tumor tissue, induced apoptosis, and delayed tumor growth. These results shed light on the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered NK cells to treat peritoneal carcinomatosis. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1591-601. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Se-Hoon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William T Kwon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa M Bailey
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Per Basse
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lim O, Jung MY, Hwang YK, Shin EC. Present and Future of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:286. [PMID: 26089823 PMCID: PMC4453480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are capable of eliminating tumor cells and are therefore used for cancer therapy. Although many early investigators used autologous NK cells, including lymphokine-activated killer cells, the clinical efficacies were not satisfactory. Meanwhile, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation revealed the antitumor effect of allogeneic NK cells, and HLA-haploidentical, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand-mismatched allogeneic NK cells are currently used for many protocols requiring NK cells. Moreover, allogeneic NK cells from non-HLA-related healthy donors have been recently used in cancer therapy. The use of allogeneic NK cells from non-HLA-related healthy donors allows the selection of donor NK cells with higher flexibility and to prepare expanded, cryopreserved NK cells for instant administration without delay for ex vivo expansion. In cancer therapy with allogeneic NK cells, optimal matching of donors and recipients is important to maximize the efficacy of the therapy. In this review, we summarize the present state of allogeneic NK cell therapy and its future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okjae Lim
- Virology and Immunology Team, MOGAM Biotechnology Institute , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Mi Young Jung
- Virology and Immunology Team, MOGAM Biotechnology Institute , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Hwang
- Cell Therapy Center, GreenCross LabCell , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The presence of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment correlates with outcome in a variety of cancers. However, the role of intratumoral NK cells is unclear. Preclinical studies have shown that, while NK cells efficiently kill circulating tumor cells of almost any origin, they seem to have very little effect against the same type of tumor cells when these have extravasated. The ability to kill extravasated tumor cells is, however, is dependent of the level of activation of the NK cells, as more recent published and unpublished studies, discussed below, have demonstrated that interleukin-2-activated NK cells are able to attack well-established solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine K Larsen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Hematology, 54P4, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Yanhua Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A new hope in immunotherapy for malignant gliomas: adoptive T cell transfer therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:326545. [PMID: 25009822 PMCID: PMC4070364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/326545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to highly incurable malignant gliomas due to tumor-specific cytotoxicity, minimal side effect, and a durable antitumor effect by memory T cells. But, antitumor activities of endogenously activated T cells induced by immunotherapy such as vaccination are not sufficient to control tumors because tumor-specific antigens may be self-antigens and tumors have immune evasion mechanisms to avoid immune surveillance system of host. Although recent clinical results from vaccine strategy for malignant gliomas are encouraging, these trials have some limitations, particularly their failure to expand tumor antigen-specific T cells reproducibly and effectively. An alternative strategy to overcome these limitations is adoptive T cell transfer therapy, in which tumor-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo rapidly and then transferred to patients. Moreover, enhanced biologic functions of T cells generated by genetic engineering and modified immunosuppressive microenvironment of host by homeostatic T cell expansion and/or elimination of immunosuppressive cells and molecules can induce more potent antitumor T cell responses and make this strategy hold promise in promoting a patient response for malignant glioma treatment. Here we will review the past and current progresses and discuss a new hope in adoptive T cell therapy for malignant gliomas.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sutlu T, Nyström S, Gilljam M, Stellan B, Applequist SE, Alici E. Inhibition of intracellular antiviral defense mechanisms augments lentiviral transduction of human natural killer cells: implications for gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:1090-100. [PMID: 22779406 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with genetically modified natural killer (NK) cells is a promising approach for cancer treatment. Yet, optimization of highly efficient and clinically applicable gene transfer protocols for NK cells still presents a challenge. In this study, we aimed at identifying conditions under which optimum lentiviral gene transfer to NK cells can be achieved. Our results demonstrate that stimulation of NK cells with interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21 supports efficient transduction using a VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vector. Moreover, we have identified that inhibition of innate immune receptor signaling greatly enhances transduction efficiency. We were able to boost the efficiency of lentiviral genetic modification on average 3.8-fold using BX795, an inhibitor of the TBK1/IKKɛ complex acting downstream of RIG-I, MDA-5, and TLR3. We have also observed that the use of BX795 enhances lentiviral transduction efficiency in a number of human and mouse cell lines, indicating a broadly applicable, practical, and safe approach that has the potential of being applicable to various gene therapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Sutlu
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
ZHU LINING, ZHAO ZHIHUI, WEI YANZHANG, MARCOTTE WILLIAM, WAGNER THOMASE, YU XIANZHONG. An IL-12/Shh-C domain fusion protein-based IL-12 autocrine loop for sustained natural killer cell activation. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:661-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
10
|
Ngo MC, Rooney CM, Howard JM, Heslop HE. Ex vivo gene transfer for improved adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:R93-9. [PMID: 21415041 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is an appealing approach to cancer treatment, with the potential for more precise targeting and reduced toxicity. While early clinical trial data using adoptive T cells against post-transplant virus-associated hematologic malignancies, lymphoma and melanoma have been promising, treating other solid tumors has proven to be more challenging. Adoptive lymphocytes have been genetically modified in many ways to improve activity and circumvent tumor evasion, including transfer of transgenic T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors to redirect T cell and natural killer cell antigen specificity. Gene transfer may also allow expression of homeostatic cytokines or their receptors to overcome the lack of stimulatory signals or expression of dominant-negative receptors for inhibitory cytokines to compensate for an immunosuppressive tumor milieu. In addition, suicide genes can install a 'safety switch' on adoptively transferred cells to allow ablation if necessary. Although further refinement and validation are necessary, these genetic modification strategies offer hope for significant improvements in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhtran C Ngo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pegram HJ, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK. Genetic modification of natural killer cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:623-30. [PMID: 20635990 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer is a rapidly developing field; one such development is the manipulation and use of natural killer (NK) cells. These cells with 'killer instincts' are an attractive cell to utilize, as they are directly reactive toward tumor and could potentially activate the endogenous adaptive immune system. Their employment in adoptive cell transfer treatments has yielded important results and discoveries, although effective antitumor responses are limited. To address these limitations, NK cells are the target of a new generation of immunotherapy involving gene transfer. The gene modification of immune cells is a relatively recent technique and some groups have targeted NK cells for gene modification to improve their antitumor efficacy. This review will investigate studies describing the gene modification of NK cells and their encouraging antitumor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie J Pegram
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Savan R, Chan T, Young HA. Lentiviral gene transduction in human and mouse NK cell lines. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 612:209-21. [PMID: 20033643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-362-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in the control of cancer and microbial infections. A major hinderance in studying NK cells is the resistance of these cells to gene transfer. Considering over-expression and gene knockdown studies are crucial tools to study the biology of cells, technologies suitable for transferring genes into NK cells are invaluable. Among various technologies available for gene transfer, lentiviral-mediated transduction has been successful in introducing genes into NK cells. We have standardized methods of lentiviral infection in human and mouse NK cell lines. We obtain transduction efficiencies of 15% in the NK-92 cell line and 30-40% in LNK, YT, and DERL7 cell lines. This method allows efficient and stable introduction of genes and shRNAs into NK cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Savan
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Institutes of Health-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing natural killer (NK) cell activity increases, their potential in cancer immunotherapy is growing increasingly prominent. This review analyses the currently available preclinical and clinical data regarding NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer starting from a historical background and an overview of molecular mechanisms taking part in NK cell responses. The status of NK cells in cancer patients, currently investigated clinical applications such as in vivo modulation of NK cell activity, ex vivo purification/expansion and adoptive transfer as well as future possibilities such as genetic modifications are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sutlu
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inhibition of lung metastasis in mice by intravascular injection of dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1709-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|