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Moaveni AK, Amiri M, Shademan B, Farhadi A, Behroozi J, Nourazarian A. Advances and challenges in gene therapy strategies for pediatric cancer: a comprehensive update. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1382190. [PMID: 38836106 PMCID: PMC11149429 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1382190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers represent a tragic but also promising area for gene therapy. Although conventional treatments have improved survival rates, there is still a need for targeted and less toxic interventions. This article critically analyzes recent advances in gene therapy for pediatric malignancies and discusses the challenges that remain. We explore the innovative vectors and delivery systems that have emerged, such as adeno-associated viruses and non-viral platforms, which show promise in addressing the unique pathophysiology of pediatric tumors. Specifically, we examine the field of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and their adaptation for solid tumors, which historically have been more challenging to treat than hematologic malignancies. We also discuss the genetic and epigenetic complexities inherent to pediatric cancers, such as tumor heterogeneity and the dynamic tumor microenvironment, which pose significant hurdles for gene therapy. Ethical considerations specific to pediatric populations, including consent and long-term follow-up, are also analyzed. Additionally, we scrutinize the translation of research from preclinical models that often fail to mimic pediatric cancer biology to the regulatory landscapes that can either support or hinder innovation. In summary, this article provides an up-to-date overview of gene therapy in pediatric oncology, highlighting both the rapid scientific progress and the substantial obstacles that need to be addressed. Through this lens, we propose a roadmap for future research that prioritizes the safety, efficacy, and complex ethical considerations involved in treating pediatric patients. Our ultimate goal is to move from incremental advancements to transformative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kian Moaveni
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amiri
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shademan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Farhadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
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Thanaskody K, Natashah FN, Nordin F, Kamarul Zaman WSW, Tye GJ. Designing molecules: directing stem cell differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1396405. [PMID: 38803845 PMCID: PMC11129639 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1396405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been widely applied in regenerative and therapeutic medicine for their unique regenerative properties. Although much research has shown their potential, it remains tricky in directing stem cell differentiation. The advancement of genetic and therapeutic technologies, however, has facilitated this issue through development of design molecules. These molecules are designed to overcome the drawbacks previously faced, such as unexpected differentiation outcomes and insufficient migration of endogenous or exogenous MSCs. Here, we introduced aptamer, bacteriophage, and biological vectors as design molecules and described their characteristics. The methods of designing/developing discussed include various Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) procedures, in silico approaches, and non-SELEX methods for aptamers, and genetic engineering methods such as homologous recombination, Bacteriophage Recombineering of Electroporated DNA (BRED), Bacteriophage Recombineering with Infectious Particles (BRIP), and genome rebooting for bacteriophage. For biological vectors, methods such as alternate splicing, multiple promoters, internal ribosomal entry site, CRISPR-Cas9 system and Cre recombinase mediated recombination were used to design viral vectors, while non-viral vectors like exosomes are generated through parental cell-based direct engineering. Besides that, we also discussed the pros and cons, and applications of each design molecule in directing stem cell differentiation to illustrate their great potential in stem cells research. Finally, we highlighted some safety and efficacy concerns to be considered for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiselvaan Thanaskody
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fajriyah Nur Natashah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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Selvaraj S, Feist WN, Viel S, Vaidyanathan S, Dudek AM, Gastou M, Rockwood SJ, Ekman FK, Oseghale AR, Xu L, Pavel-Dinu M, Luna SE, Cromer MK, Sayana R, Gomez-Ospina N, Porteus MH. High-efficiency transgene integration by homology-directed repair in human primary cells using DNA-PKcs inhibition. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:731-744. [PMID: 37537500 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of nuclease-based genome editing would benefit from improved methods for transgene integration via homology-directed repair (HDR). To improve HDR efficiency, we screened six small-molecule inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key protein in the alternative repair pathway of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which generates genomic insertions/deletions (INDELs). From this screen, we identified AZD7648 as the most potent compound. The use of AZD7648 significantly increased HDR (up to 50-fold) and concomitantly decreased INDELs across different genomic loci in various therapeutically relevant primary human cell types. In all cases, the ratio of HDR to INDELs markedly increased, and, in certain situations, INDEL-free high-frequency (>50%) targeted integration was achieved. This approach has the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapies and broaden the use of targeted integration as a research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Selvaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William N Feist
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Viel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Immunology Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
- International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Sriram Vaidyanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda M Dudek
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Gastou
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Rockwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Freja K Ekman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aluya R Oseghale
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liwen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mara Pavel-Dinu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sofia E Luna
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruhi Sayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Hoad M, Roby JA, Forwood JK. Structural basis for nuclear import of bat adeno-associated virus capsid protein. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001960. [PMID: 38441555 PMCID: PMC10999750 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are one of the world's most promising gene therapy vectors and as a result, are one of the most intensively studied viral vectors. Despite a wealth of research into these vectors, the precise characterisation of AAVs to translocate into the host cell nucleus remains unclear. Recently we identified the nuclear localization signals of an AAV porcine strain and determined its mechanism of binding to host importin proteins. To expand our understanding of diverse AAV import mechanisms we sought to determine the mechanism in which the Cap protein from a bat-infecting AAV can interact with transport receptor importins for translocation into the nucleus. Using a high-resolution crystal structure and quantitative assays, we were able to not only determine the exact region and residues of the N-terminal domain of the Cap protein which constitute the functional NLS for binding with the importin alpha two protein, but also reveal the differences in binding affinity across the importin-alpha isoforms. Collectively our results allow for a detailed molecular view of the way AAV Cap proteins interact with host proteins for localization into the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla Hoad
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Justin A. Roby
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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Doron G, Wood LB, Guldberg RE, Temenoff JS. Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Hydrogel Microcarriers Alter Secretory Activity of Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6282-6292. [PMID: 37906515 PMCID: PMC10646834 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to scale up culture therapeutic cells, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), culture in suspension bioreactors using microcarriers (μCs) is preferred. However, the impact of microcarrier type on the resulting MSC secretory activity has not been investigated. In this study, two poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel formulations with different swelling ratios (named "stiffer" and "softer") were fabricated as μC substrates to culture MSCs and MSCs genetically modified to express the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra-MSCs). Changes in cell number, secretory and angiogenic activity, and changes in MAPK signaling were evaluated when cultured on hydrogel μCs, as well as on tissue culture plastic-based Synthemax μCs. We demonstrated that culture on stiffer μCs increased secretion of IL-1Ra compared to culture on Synthemax μCs by IL-1Ra-MSCs by 1.2- to 1.6-fold, as well as their in vitro angiogenic activity, compared to culture on Synthemax μCs, while culture on both stiffer and softer μCs altered the secretion of several other factors compared to culture on Synthemax μCs. Changes in angiogenic activity corresponded with increased gene expression and secretion of hepatocyte growth factor by MSCs cultured on softer μCs by 2.5- to 6-fold compared to MSCs cultured on Synthemax μCs. Quantification of phosphoprotein signaling with the MAPK pathway revealed broad reduction of pathway activation by IL-1Ra-MSCs cultured on both stiffer and softer μCs compared to Synthemax, where phosphorylated c-Jun, ATF2, and MEK1 were reduced specifically on softer μCs. Overall, this study showed that μC surfaces can influence the secretory activity of genetically modified MSCs and identified associated changes in MAPK pathway signaling, which is a known central regulator of cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Doron
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Levi B. Wood
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- Knight
Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, 6231 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Johnna S. Temenoff
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, 313 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Konkimalla A, Elmore Z, Konishi S, Macadlo L, Katsura H, Tata A, Asokan A, Tata PR. Efficient Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgenesis in Alveolar Stem Cells and Associated Niches. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:255-265. [PMID: 37315312 PMCID: PMC10503306 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0424ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of transgenes to tissue-resident stem cells and related niches offers avenues for interrogating pathways and editing endogenous alleles for therapeutic interventions. Here, we survey multiple adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes, administered via intranasal and retroorbital routes in mice, to target lung alveolar stem cell niches. We found that AAV5, AAV4, and AAV8 efficiently and preferentially transduce alveolar type-2 stem cells (AT2s), endothelial cells, and PDGFRA+ fibroblasts, respectively. Notably, some AAVs show different cell tropisms depending on the route of administration. Proof-of-concept experiments reveal the versatility of AAV5-mediated transgenesis for AT2-lineage labeling, clonal cell tracing after cell ablation, and conditional gene inactivation in both postnatal and adult mouse lungs in vivo. AAV6, but not AAV5, efficiently transduces both mouse and human AT2s in alveolar organoid cultures. Furthermore, AAV5 and AAV6 can be used to deliver guide RNAs and transgene cassettes for homologous recombination in vivo and ex vivo, respectively. Using this system coupled with clonal derivation of AT2 organoids, we demonstrate efficient and simultaneous editing of multiple loci, including targeted insertion of a payload cassette in AT2s. Taken together, our studies highlight the powerful utility of AAVs for interrogating alveolar stem cells and other specific cell types both in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, and
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology
- Duke Cancer Institute, and
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, and
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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7
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Yao S, Rong W, Yuan Y. Optimization of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery into human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs). Stem Cell Investig 2023; 10:3. [PMID: 36761253 PMCID: PMC9905037 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2022-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Efficiently delivering nucleic acid into mammalian cells is essential to overexpress genes for assessing gene functions. Human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) are the most studied tissue-derived stem cells. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have been used to deliver DNA into hBMSCs for various purposes. Current literature reported that transduction efficiencies of up to 65% could be achieved by AAV gene delivery into hBMSCs. Further improvement of efficiency is needed and possible. This study tested a selection of AAV serotypes for high-efficient DNA delivery into hBMSCs. Methods hBMSCs from different donors were infected with different serotypes of AAVs containing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter gene driven by the CMV promoter. Green fluorescence was monitored in the infected cells at five-day intervals. Cells were collected at designated time points after the infection for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to assess eGFP mRNA transcription. Results The results indicated that the order of transduction efficiency of the AAV serotypes was AAV2 > AAV2.7m8 > AAV6 > AAV6.2 > AAV1 > AAV-DJ. AAV2 could achieve almost 100% transduction at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) greater than 100K. Over 90% of cells could be transduced at 20K to 50K MOI. About 80% transduction was seen at MOIs of 10K and 15K. RT-PCR analysis showed that eGFP mRNA could be detected from day 5 to day 30 post-AAV infection. The differences in the observed transduction efficiencies of the hBMSCs from different patients indicate donor-to-donor variability, and increased eGFP mRNA was generally seen after day 15 post-AAV2 infection. Maximal eGFP transcription was detected on day 30 post-infection. Conclusions We conclude that AAV2 and AAV2.7m8 at an MOI of 100K or greater can efficiently deliver transgene into hBMSCs with up to near 100% transduction efficiency for sustained expression over one month. However, donor-to-donor variation exists in transduction efficiency and transgene expression, especially at MOIs less than 100K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomian Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Weiqiong Rong
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yuanying Yuan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Shakirova A, Karpov T, Komarova Y, Lepik K. In search of an ideal template for therapeutic genome editing: A review of current developments for structure optimization. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1068637. [PMID: 36911237 PMCID: PMC9992834 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1068637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a fast developing field of medicine with hundreds of ongoing early-stage clinical trials and numerous preclinical studies. Genome editing (GE) now is an increasingly important technology for achieving stable therapeutic effect in gene correction, with hematopoietic cells representing a key target cell population for developing novel treatments for a number of hereditary diseases, infections and cancer. By introducing a double strand break (DSB) in the defined locus of genomic DNA, GE tools allow to knockout the desired gene or to knock-in the therapeutic gene if provided with an appropriate repair template. Currently, the efficiency of methods for GE-mediated knock-in is limited. Significant efforts were focused on improving the parameters and interaction of GE nuclease proteins. However, emerging data suggests that optimal characteristics of repair templates may play an important role in the knock-in mechanisms. While viral vectors with notable example of AAVs as a donor template carrier remain the mainstay in many preclinical trials, non-viral templates, including plasmid and linear dsDNA, long ssDNA templates, single and double-stranded ODNs, represent a promising alternative. Furthermore, tuning of editing conditions for the chosen template as well as its structure, length, sequence optimization, homology arm (HA) modifications may have paramount importance for achieving highly efficient knock-in with favorable safety profile. This review outlines the current developments in optimization of templates for the GE mediated therapeutic gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shakirova
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timofey Karpov
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yaroslava Komarova
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Lepik
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Pupo A, Fernández A, Low SH, François A, Suárez-Amarán L, Samulski RJ. AAV vectors: The Rubik's cube of human gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3515-3541. [PMID: 36203359 PMCID: PMC9734031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective genes account for ∼80% of the total of more than 7,000 diseases known to date. Gene therapy brings the promise of a one-time treatment option that will fix the errors in patient genetic coding. Recombinant viruses are highly efficient vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors offer unique advantages, such as tissue tropism, specificity in transduction, eliciting of a relatively low immune responses, no incorporation into the host chromosome, and long-lasting delivered gene expression, making them the most popular viral gene delivery system in clinical trials, with three AAV-based gene therapy drugs already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). Despite the success of AAV vectors, their usage in particular scenarios is still limited due to remaining challenges, such as poor transduction efficiency in certain tissues, low organ specificity, pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV capsids, and vector dose-dependent toxicity in patients. In the present review, we address the different approaches to improve AAV vectors for gene therapy with a focus on AAV capsid selection and engineering, strategies to overcome anti-AAV immune response, and vector genome design, ending with a glimpse at vector production methods and the current state of recombinant AAV (rAAV) at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pupo
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audry Fernández
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Siew Hui Low
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Achille François
- Viralgen. Parque Tecnológico de Guipuzkoa, Edificio Kuatro, Paseo Mikeletegui, 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lester Suárez-Amarán
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard Jude Samulski
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Corresponding author: Richard Jude Samulski, R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, NC 27709, USA.
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10
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Yuan X, Luo SZ, Chen L. Novel branched amphiphilic peptides for nucleic acids delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121983. [PMID: 35803534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient and safe non-viral vectors for nucleic acids delivery have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in gene therapy, gene editing and vaccination against infectious diseases, and various materials have been investigated and designed as delivery vectors. Herein, we designed a series of branched amphiphilic peptides (BAPs) and tested their applications as pDNA/mRNA delivery vectors. The BAP structure was inspired by the phospholipids, in which lysine oligomers were used as the "polar head", segments containing phenylalanine, histidine and leucine were used as the "hydrophobic tails", and a lysine residue was used as the branching point. By comparing the gel retardation, particle sizes and zeta potentials of the BAP/pDNA complexes of the short-branch BAPs (BAP-V1 ∼ BAP-V4), we determined the optimal lysine oligomer was K6. However, their cell transfection efficiencies were not satisfactory, and thus three long-branch BAPs (BAP-V5 ∼ BAP-V7) were further designed. In these long-branch BAPs, more hydrophobic residues were added and the overall amphiphilicity increased accordingly. The results showed that these three BAPs could effectively compact the nucleic acids, including both pDNA and mRNA, and all could transfect nucleic acids into HEK 293 cells, with low cytotoxicity. Among the three long-branch BAPs, BAP-V7 (bis(FFLFFHHH)-K-K6) showed the best transfection efficiency at N/P = 10, which was better than the commercial transfection reagent PEI-25 K. These results indicate that increased amphiphilicity would also benefit for BAP mediated nucleic acid delivery. The designed BAPs provide more documents of such novel type of nucleic acids delivery vectors, which is worth of further investigation as a new gene theranostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushuang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Long Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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11
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Kremer LP, Cerrizuela S, Dehler S, Stiehl T, Weinmann J, Abendroth H, Kleber S, Laure A, El Andari J, Anders S, Marciniak-Czochra A, Grimm D, Martin-Villalba A. High throughput screening of novel AAV capsids identifies variants for transduction of adult NSCs within the subventricular zone. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:33-50. [PMID: 34553001 PMCID: PMC8427210 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain entails a reservoir of neural stem cells (NSCs) generating glial cells and neurons. However, NSCs become increasingly quiescent with age, which hampers their regenerative capacity. New means are therefore required to genetically modify adult NSCs for re-enabling endogenous brain repair. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are ideal gene-therapy vectors due to an excellent safety profile and high transduction efficiency. We thus conducted a high-throughput screening of 177 intraventricularly injected barcoded AAV variants profiled by RNA sequencing. Quantification of barcoded AAV mRNAs identified two synthetic capsids, peptide-modified derivative of wild-type AAV9 (AAV9_A2) and peptide-modified derivative of wild-type AAV1 (AAV1_P5), both of which transduce active and quiescent NSCs. Further optimization of AAV1_P5 by judicious selection of the promoter and dose of injected viral genomes enabled labeling of 30%–60% of the NSC compartment, which was validated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses and single-cell RNA sequencing. Importantly, transduced NSCs readily produced neurons. The present study identifies AAV variants with a high regional tropism toward the ventricular-subventricular zone (v-SVZ) with high efficiency in targeting adult NSCs, thereby paving the way for preclinical testing of regenerative gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas P.M. Kremer
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Santiago Cerrizuela
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Dehler
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Weinmann
- Virus-Host Interaction Group, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence Cell Networks, BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Abendroth
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kleber
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Laure
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jihad El Andari
- Virus-Host Interaction Group, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence Cell Networks, BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Anders
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Virus-Host Interaction Group, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence Cell Networks, BioQuant, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author: Ana Martin-Villalba, Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Shear MA, Massa A. In Utero Fetal Therapy: Stem Cells, Cell Transplantation, Gene Therapy, and CRISPR-Cas9. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:861-875. [PMID: 34668889 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In utero fetal therapy offers the opportunity to prevent and treat diseases with a cellular or genetic basis. Components of successful fetal treatment include isolation of a replacement cell population, in utero stem cell transplantation, cell engraftment with fetal immune tolerance, and ongoing cell function. Fetal gene therapy with CRISPR-Cas9 represents an exciting potential therapy for genetic diseases not amenable to gene supplementation via adenoviral vector transduction. These fetal therapies have unique ethical and safety considerations. Clinical trials for in utero cell therapy are underway, as additional discoveries in stem cell biology and gene therapy move closer to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Shear
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Massa
- Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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13
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Bower JJ, Song L, Bastola P, Hirsch ML. Harnessing the Natural Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus to Enhance the Efficacy of Cancer Gene Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071205. [PMID: 34201599 PMCID: PMC8309980 DOI: 10.3390/v13071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was first characterized as small “defective” contaminant particles in a simian adenovirus preparation in 1965. Since then, a recombinant platform of AAV (rAAV) has become one of the leading candidates for gene therapy applications resulting in two FDA-approved treatments for rare monogenic diseases and many more currently in various phases of the pharmaceutical development pipeline. Herein, we summarize rAAV approaches for the treatment of diverse types of cancers and highlight the natural anti-oncogenic effects of wild-type AAV (wtAAV), including interactions with the cellular host machinery, that are of relevance to enhance current treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn J. Bower
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Liujiang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Prabhakar Bastola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew L. Hirsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
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14
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Tissue and cell-type-specific transduction using rAAV vectors in lung diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1057-1071. [PMID: 34021360 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of genetically determined diseases, including some pathologies of the respiratory system, requires an efficient method for transgene delivery. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are well studied and employed in gene therapy, as they are relatively simple and low immunogenic and able to efficiently transduce eukaryotic cells. To date, many natural and artificial (with modified capsids) AAV serotypes have been isolated, demonstrating preferential tropism toward different tissues and cells in accordance with the prevalent receptors on the cell surface. However, rAAV-mediated delivery is not strictly specific due to wide tropism of some viral serotypes. Thus, the development of the methods allowing modulating specificity of these vectors could be beneficial in some cases. This review describes various approaches for retargeting rAAV to respiratory cells, for example, using different types of capsid modifications and regulation of a transgene expression by tissue-specific promoters. Part of the review is devoted to the issues of transduction of stem and progenitor lung cells using AAV, which is a complicated task today.
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15
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Lamsfus-Calle A, Daniel-Moreno A, Ureña-Bailén G, Rottenberger J, Raju J, Epting T, Marciano S, Heumos L, Baskaran P, S Antony J, Handgretinger R, Mezger M. Universal Gene Correction Approaches for β-hemoglobinopathies Using CRISPR-Cas9 and Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 6 Donor Templates. CRISPR J 2021; 4:207-222. [PMID: 33876951 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human β-globin gene are the cause of β-hemoglobinopathies, one of the most common inherited single-gene blood disorders in the world. Novel therapeutic approaches are based on lentiviral vectors (LVs) or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene disruption to express adult hemoglobin (HbA), or to reactivate the completely functional fetal hemoglobin, respectively. Nonetheless, LVs present a risk of insertional mutagenesis, while gene-disrupting transcription factors (BCL11A, KLF1) involved in the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch might generate dysregulation of other cellular processes. Therefore, universal gene addition/correction approaches combining CRISPR-Cas9 and homology directed repair (HDR) by delivering a DNA repair template through adeno-associated virus could mitigate the limitations of both lentiviral gene transfer and gene disruption strategies, ensuring targeted integration and controlled transgene expression. In this study, we attained high rates of gene addition (up to 12%) and gene correction (up to 38%) in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from healthy donors without any cell sorting/enrichment or the application of HDR enhancers. Furthermore, these approaches were tested in heterozygous (β0/β+) and homozygous (β0/β0, β+/β+) β-thalassemia patients, achieving a significant increase in HbA and demonstrating the universal therapeutic potential of this study for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Lamsfus-Calle
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alberto Daniel-Moreno
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Ureña-Bailén
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rottenberger
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janani Raju
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Epting
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Marciano
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Praveen Baskaran
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Justin S Antony
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics I, Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Progress of cationic gene delivery reagents for non-viral vector. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:525-538. [PMID: 33394152 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery systems play a vital role in gene therapy and recombinant protein production. The advantages of using gene delivery reagents for non-viral vector include the capacity to accommodate a large packaging load and their low or absent immunogenicity. Furthermore, they are easy to produce at a large scale and preserve. Gene delivery reagents for non-viral vector are commonly used for transfecting a variety of cells and tissues. It is mainly composed of liposomes and non-liposome cationic polymers. According to the different head structures used, the non-viral cationic transfection reagents include a quaternary ammonium salt, amine, amino acid or polypeptide, guanidine salt, and a heterocyclic ring. This article summarizes these approaches and developments of types and components of transfection reagents and optimization of gene delivery. The optimization of mammalian cell transient recombinant protein expression system and cationic reagents for clinical or clinical trials are also discussed.
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17
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Zhong C, Yu Q, Jia W, Yu X, Yu D, Yang M, Wang L, Ling C, Zhu L. Mechanism for enhanced transduction of hematopoietic cells by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 vectors. FASEB J 2020; 34:12379-12391. [PMID: 32960474 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902875r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic gene delivery, such as hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), is a promising treatment for both inherited and acquired diseases, such as hemophilia. Recently, a combined strategy to achieve more than 90% transduction efficiency was documented using recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV6) vectors. However, the mechanisms of enhanced vector transduction efficiency in hematopoietic cells are largely unknown. In this manuscript, we first reported that proteasome inhibitors, which are well-known to facilitate rAAV intracellular trafficking in various cell types, are not effective in hematopoietic cells. From the screening of small molecules derived from traditional Chinese medicine, we demonstrated that shikonin, a potential reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator, significantly increased the in vitro and ex vivo transgene expression mediated by rAAV6 vectors in hematopoietic cells, including human cord blood-derived CD34 + HSPCs. Shikonin mainly targeted vector intracellular trafficking, instead of host cell entry or endonuclear single to double strand vector DNA transition, in a vector serotype-dependent manner. Moreover, a ROS scavenger completely prevented the capability of shikonin to enhance rAAV6 vector-mediated transgene expression. Taken together, these studies expand our understanding of rAAV6-mediated transduction in hematopoietic cells and are informative for improving rAAV6-based treatment of blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Jia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Precise and error-prone CRISPR-directed gene editing activity in human CD34+ cells varies widely among patient samples. Gene Ther 2020; 28:105-113. [PMID: 32873924 PMCID: PMC7902267 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and their associated CRISPR-associated nucleases (Cas) are among the most promising technologies for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies including Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). We are only beginning to identify the molecular variables that influence the specificity and the efficiency of CRISPR- directed gene editing, including the position of the cleavage site and the inherent variability among patient samples selected for CRISPR-directed gene editing. Here, we target the beta globin gene in human CD34+ cells to assess the impact of these two variables and find that both contribute to the global diversity of genetic outcomes. Our study demonstrates a unique genetic profile of indels that is generated based on where along the beta globin gene attempts are made to correct the SCD single base mutation. Interestingly, even within the same patient sample, the location of where along the beta globin gene the DNA is cut, HDR activity varies widely. Our data establish a framework upon which realistic protocols inform strategies for gene editing for SCD overcoming the practical hurdles that often impede clinical success.
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19
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Bougioukli S, Chateau M, Morales H, Vakhshori V, Sugiyama O, Oakes D, Longjohn D, Cannon P, Lieberman JR. Limited potential of AAV-mediated gene therapy in transducing human mesenchymal stem cells for bone repair applications. Gene Ther 2020; 28:729-739. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Song H, Park KH. Regulation and function of SOX9 during cartilage development and regeneration. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:12-23. [PMID: 32380234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis, and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes accompany differential expression of genes critical for each step of chondrogenesis. SOX9 is a master transcription factor that participates in sequential events in chondrogenesis by regulating a series of downstream factors in a stage-specific manner. SOX9 either works alone or in combination with downstream SOX transcription factors, SOX5 and SOX6 as chondrogenic SOX Trio. SOX9 is reduced in the articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis while highly maintained during tumorigenesis of cartilage and bone. Gene therapy using viral and non-viral vectors accompanied by tissue engineering (scaffolds) is a promising tool to regenerate impaired cartilage. Delivery of SOX9 or chondrogenic SOX Trio into cells produces efficient therapeutic effects on chondrogenesis and this event is facilitated by scaffolds. Non-viral vector-guided delivery systems encapsulated or loaded in mechanically stable solid scaffolds are useful for the regeneration of articular cartilage. Here we review major milestones and most recent studies focusing on regulation and function of chondrogenic SOX Trio, during chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration, and on the development of advanced technologies in gene delivery with tissue engineering to improve efficiency of cartilage repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Westhaus A, Cabanes-Creus M, Rybicki A, Baltazar G, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Drouyer M, Knight M, Albu RF, Ng BH, Kalajdzic P, Kwiatek M, Hsu K, Santilli G, Gold W, Kramer B, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. High-Throughput In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Screen of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Based on Physical and Functional Transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:575-589. [PMID: 32000541 PMCID: PMC7232709 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are quickly becoming the vectors of choice for therapeutic gene delivery. To date, hundreds of natural isolates and bioengineered variants have been reported. While factors such as high production titer and low immunoreactivity are important to consider, the ability to deliver the genetic payload (physical transduction) and to drive high transgene expression (functional transduction) remains the most important feature when selecting AAV variants for clinical applications. Reporter expression assays are the most commonly used methods for determining vector fitness. However, such approaches are time consuming and become impractical when evaluating a large number of variants. Limited access to primary human tissues or challenging model systems further complicates vector testing. To address this problem, convenient high-throughput methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) are being developed. To this end, we built an AAV Testing Kit that allows inherent flexibility in regard to number and type of AAV variants included, and is compatible with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo applications. The Testing Kit presented here consists of a mix of 30 known AAVs where each variant encodes a CMV-eGFP cassette and a unique barcode in the 3′-untranslated region of the eGFP gene, allowing NGS-barcode analysis at both the DNA and RNA/cDNA levels. To validate the AAV Testing Kit, individually packaged barcoded variants were mixed at an equal ratio and used to transduce cells/tissues of interest. DNA and RNA/cDNA were extracted and subsequently analyzed by NGS to determine the physical/functional transduction efficiencies. We were able to assess the transduction efficiencies of immortalized cells, primary cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro, as well as in vivo transduction in naïve mice and a xenograft liver model. Importantly, while our data validated previously reported transduction characteristics of individual capsids, we also identified novel previously unknown tropisms for some AAV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Arkadiusz Rybicki
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Razvan F Albu
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Predrag Kalajdzic
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Lab, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Belinda Kramer
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell & Organoid Facility and Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
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22
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Regulation of FKBP51 and FKBP52 functions by post-translational modifications. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1815-1831. [PMID: 31754722 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FKBP51 and FKBP52 are two iconic members of the family of peptidyl-prolyl-(cis/trans)-isomerases (EC: 5.2.1.8), which comprises proteins that catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl peptide bonds in unfolded and partially folded polypeptide chains and native state proteins. Originally, both proteins have been studied as molecular chaperones belonging to the steroid receptor heterocomplex, where they were first discovered. In addition to their expected role in receptor folding and chaperoning, FKBP51 and FKBP52 are also involved in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, protein transport, cancer development, and cell differentiation, just to mention a few examples. Recent studies have revealed that both proteins are subject of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, SUMOlyation, and acetylation. In this work, we summarize recent advances in the study of these immunophilins portraying them as scaffolding proteins capable to organize protein heterocomplexes, describing some of their antagonistic properties in the physiology of the cell, and the putative regulation of their properties by those post-translational modifications.
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23
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Song L, Song Z, Fry NJ, Conatser L, Llanga T, Mei H, Kafri T, Hirsch ML. Gene Delivery to Human Limbal Stem Cells Using Viral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1336-1348. [PMID: 31392914 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell (LSC) transplantation is a promising treatment for ocular surface diseases especially LSC deficiency. Genetic engineering represents an attractive strategy to increase the potential for success in LSC transplantations either by correcting autologous diseased LSCs or by decreasing the immunogenicity of allogeneic LSCs. Therefore, two popular viral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and lentiviral (LV) vector, were compared for gene delivery in human LSCs. Transduction efficiency was evaluated by flow cytometry, quantitation of viral genomes, and fluorescence microscopy after introducing eight self-complementary AAV serotypes or LV carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) cassette to fresh limbal epithelial cells, cultivated LSC colonies, or after corneal intrastromal injection into human explant tissue. For fresh limbal epithelial cells, AAV6 showed the highest transduction efficiency, followed by LV and AAV4 at 24 h after vector incubation, which did not directly correlate with internalized genome copy number. The colony formation efficiency, as well as colony size over time, showed no significant differences among AAV serotypes, LV, and nontreated controls. The percentage of GFP+ colonies at 14 days post-seeding was significantly higher in the LV group, which plateaued at 50% GFP+ upon serial passages. Interestingly, AAV6-treated colonies initially showed a variegated transduction phenotype with no GFP+ colonies in serial passages. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and AAV6 capsid staining revealed that transduction was restricted to differentiated cells of LSC colonies at a post-entry step. Following central intrastromal injection of human corneas, both LV and AAV6 transduced the stroma and endothelial cells, and AAV6 also transduced cells of the epithelia. However, no transduction was observed in derived LSC colonies. The collective results demonstrate the effectiveness of LV for stable human LSC genetic engineering and an unreported phenomenon of AAV6 transduction restriction in multipotent cells derived from the human limbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujiang Song
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zhenwei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nathaniel J Fry
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura Conatser
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Telmo Llanga
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hua Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tal Kafri
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Dudek AM, Porteus MH. AAV6 Is Superior to Clade F AAVs in Stimulating Homologous Recombination-Based Genome Editing in Human HSPCs. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1701-1705. [PMID: 31537456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dudek
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Rogers GL, Chen HY, Morales H, Cannon PM. Homologous Recombination-Based Genome Editing by Clade F AAVs Is Inefficient in the Absence of a Targeted DNA Break. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1726-1736. [PMID: 31540849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are frequently used as donor templates for genome editing by homologous recombination. Although modification rates are typically under 1%, they are greatly enhanced by targeted double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). A recent report described clade F AAVs mediating high-efficiency homologous recombination-based editing in the absence of DSBs. The clade F vectors included AAV9 and a series isolated from human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We evaluated these vectors by packaging homology donors into AAV9 and an AAVHSC capsid and examining their ability to insert GFP at the CCR5 and AAVS1 loci in human HSPCs and cell lines. As a control, we used AAV6, which effectively edits HSPCs but only when combined with a targeted DSB. Each AAV vector promoted GFP insertion in the presence of matched CCR5 or AAVS1 zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), but none supported detectable editing in the absence of the nucleases. Rates of editing with ZFNs correlated with transduction efficiencies for each vector, implying no differences in the ability of donor sequences delivered by the different vectors to direct genome editing. Our results, therefore, do not support that clade F AAVs can perform high-efficiency genome editing in the absence of a DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heidy Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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26
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Pouzolles M, Machado A, Guilbaud M, Irla M, Gailhac S, Barennes P, Cesana D, Calabria A, Benedicenti F, Sergé A, Raman I, Li QZ, Montini E, Klatzmann D, Adjali O, Taylor N, Zimmermann VS. Intrathymic adeno-associated virus gene transfer rapidly restores thymic function and long-term persistence of gene-corrected T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:679-697.e5. [PMID: 31513879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with T-cell immunodeficiencies are generally treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but alternatives are needed for patients without matched donors. An innovative intrathymic gene therapy approach that directly targets the thymus might improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy of intrathymic adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes to transduce thymocyte subsets and correct the T-cell immunodeficiency in a zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70)-deficient murine model. METHODS AAV serotypes were injected intrathymically into wild-type mice, and gene transfer efficiency was monitored. ZAP-70-/- mice were intrathymically injected with an AAV8 vector harboring the ZAP70 gene. Thymus structure, immunophenotyping, T-cell receptor clonotypes, T-cell function, immune responses to transgenes and autoantibodies, vector copy number, and integration were evaluated. RESULTS AAV8, AAV9, and AAV10 serotypes all transduced thymocyte subsets after in situ gene transfer, with transduction of up to 5% of cells. Intrathymic injection of an AAV8-ZAP-70 vector into ZAP-70-/- mice resulted in a rapid thymocyte differentiation associated with the development of a thymic medulla. Strikingly, medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing the autoimmune regulator were detected within 10 days of gene transfer, correlating with the presence of functional effector and regulatory T-cell subsets with diverse T-cell receptor clonotypes in the periphery. Although thymocyte reconstitution was transient, gene-corrected peripheral T cells harboring approximately 1 AAV genome per cell persisted for more than 40 weeks, and AAV vector integration was detected. CONCLUSIONS Intrathymic AAV-transduced progenitors promote a rapid restoration of the thymic architecture, with a single wave of thymopoiesis generating long-term peripheral T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pouzolles
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Machado
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickaël Guilbaud
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Center of Immunology Marseille-Luminy (CIML), INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Gailhac
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Barennes
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Indu Raman
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Valérie S Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Flotte TR. One More Controversy: Adeno-Associated Virus in Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:449. [PMID: 28604173 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.29043.trf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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