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Kostelic MM, Hsieh CC, Sanders HM, Zak CK, Ryan JP, Baker ES, Aspinwall CA, Marty MT. Surface Modified Nano-Electrospray Needles Improve Sensitivity for Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1031-1037. [PMID: 35588532 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) and charge detection-mass spectrometry (CD-MS) have become versatile tools for characterizing a wide range of proteins and macromolecular complexes. Both commonly use nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) from pulled borosilicate needles, but some analytes are known to nonspecifically adsorb to the glass, which may lower sensitivity and limit the quality of the data. To improve the sensitivity of native MS and CD-MS, we modified the surface of nESI needles with inert surface modifiers, including polyethylene-glycol. We found that the surface modification improved the signal intensity for native MS of proteins and for CD-MS of adeno-associated viral capsids. Based on mechanistic comparisons, we hypothesize that the improvement is more likely due to an increased flow rate with coated ESI needles rather than less nonspecific adsorption. In any case, these surface-modified needles provide a simple and inexpensive method for improving the sensitivity of challenging analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Kostelic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chih-Chieh Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Henry M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ciara K Zak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jack P Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27659, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27659, United States
| | - Craig A Aspinwall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Michael T Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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PCR-Based Analytical Methods for Quantification and Quality Control of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Preparations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010023. [PMID: 35056080 PMCID: PMC8779925 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) represent a gene therapy tool of ever-increasing importance. Their utilization as a delivery vehicle for gene replacement, silencing and editing, among other purposes, demonstrate considerable versatility. Emerging vector utilization in various experimental, preclinical and clinical applications establishes the necessity of producing and characterizing a wide variety of rAAV preparations. Critically important characteristics concerning quality control are rAAV titer quantification and the detection of impurities. Differences in rAAV constructs necessitate the development of highly standardized quantification assays to make direct comparisons of different preparations in terms of assembly or purification efficiency, as well as experimental or therapeutic dosages. The development of universal methods for impurities quantification is rather complicated, since variable production platforms are utilized for rAAV assembly. However, general agreements also should be achieved to address this issue. The majority of methods for rAAV quantification and quality control are based on PCR techniques. Despite the progress made, increasing evidence concerning high variability in titration assays indicates poor standardization of the methods undertaken to date. This review summarizes successes in the field of rAAV quality control and emphasizes ongoing challenges in PCR applications for rAAV characterization. General considerations regarding possible solutions are also provided.
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Strasser L, Morgan TE, Guapo F, Füssl F, Forsey D, Anderson I, Bones J. A Native Mass Spectrometry-Based Assay for Rapid Assessment of the Empty:Full Capsid Ratio in Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy Products. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12817-12821. [PMID: 34519199 PMCID: PMC8482367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is a rapidly developing field, requiring analytical methods for detailed product characterization. One important quality attribute of AAV products that requires monitoring is the amount of residual empty capsids following downstream processing. Traditionally, empty and full particles are quantified via analytical ultracentrifugation as well as anion exchange chromatography using ultraviolet or fluorescence detection. Here, we present a native mass spectrometry-based approach to assess the ratio of empty to full AAV-capsids without the need for excessive sample preparation. We report the rapid determination of the relative amount of empty capsids in AAV5 and AAV8 samples. The results correlate well with more conventional analysis strategies, demonstrating the potential of native mass spectrometry for the characterization of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Strasser
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Tomos E Morgan
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Felipe Guapo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Daniel Forsey
- Pharmaron, 12 Estuary Banks, Speke, Liverpool L24 8RB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Anderson
- Pharmaron, 12 Estuary Banks, Speke, Liverpool L24 8RB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Do Minh A, Kamen AA. Critical Assessment of Purification and Analytical Technologies for Enveloped Viral Vector and Vaccine Processing and Their Current Limitations in Resolving Co-Expressed Extracellular Vesicles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080823. [PMID: 34451948 PMCID: PMC8402407 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors and viral vaccines are invaluable tools in prevention and treatment of diseases. Many infectious diseases are controlled using vaccines designed from subunits or whole viral structures, whereas other genetic diseases and cancers are being treated by viruses used as vehicles for delivering genetic material in gene therapy or as therapeutic agents in virotherapy protocols. Viral vectors and vaccines are produced in different platforms, from traditional embryonated chicken eggs to more advanced cell cultures. All these expression systems, like most cells and cellular tissues, are known to spontaneously release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs share similar sizes, biophysical characteristics and even biogenesis pathways with enveloped viruses, which are currently used as key ingredients in a number of viral vectors and licensed vaccine products. Herein, we review distinctive features and similarities between EVs and enveloped viruses as we revisit the downstream processing steps and analytical technologies currently implemented to produce and document viral vector and vaccine products. Within a context of well-established viral vector and vaccine safety profiles, this review provides insights on the likely presence of EVs in the final formulation of enveloped virus products and discusses the potential to further resolve and document these components.
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