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Sharif NA, Odani-Kawabata N, Lu F, Pinchuk L. FP and EP2 prostanoid receptor agonist drugs and aqueous humor outflow devices for treating ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2023; 229:109415. [PMID: 36803996 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) receptors represent important druggable targets due to the many diverse actions of PGs in the body. From an ocular perspective, the discovery, development, and health agency approvals of prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (FPAs) have revolutionized the medical treatment of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma. FPAs, such as latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost, powerfully lower and control intraocular pressure (IOP), and became first-line therapeutics to treat this leading cause of blindness in the late 1990s to early 2000s. More recently, a latanoprost-nitric oxide (NO) donor conjugate, latanoprostene bunod, and a novel FP/EP3 receptor dual agonist, sepetaprost (ONO-9054 or DE-126), have also demonstrated robust IOP-reducing activity. Moreover, a selective non-PG prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), was discovered, characterized, and has been approved in the United States, Japan and several other Asian countries for treating OHT/glaucoma. FPAs primarily enhance uveoscleral (UVSC) outflow of aqueous humor (AQH) to reduce IOP, but cause darkening of the iris and periorbital skin, uneven thickening and elongation of eyelashes, and deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus during chronic treatment. In contrast, OMDI lowers and controls IOP by activation of both the UVSC and trabecular meshwork outflow pathways, and it has a lower propensity to induce the aforementioned FPA-induced ocular side effects. Another means to address OHT is to physically promote the drainage of the AQH from the anterior chamber of the eye of patients with OHT/glaucoma. This has successfully been achieved by the recent approval and introduction of miniature devices into the anterior chamber by minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. This review covers the three major aspects mentioned above to highlight the etiology of OHT/glaucoma, and the pharmacotherapeutics and devices that can be used to combat this blinding ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Eye-ACP Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA; Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Fenghe Lu
- Product Development Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Leonard Pinchuk
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Guan PP, Ding WY, Wang P. The roles of prostaglandin F 2 in regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 via an insulin growth factor-2-dependent mechanism in sheared chondrocytes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:27. [PMID: 30510777 PMCID: PMC6261940 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) was recently identified as being regulated by the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in response to high fluid shear stress. Although the metabolic products of COX-2, including prostaglandin (PG)E2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), and PGF2α, have been reported to be effective in regulating the occurrence and development of OA by activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the roles of PGF2α in OA are largely overlooked. Thus, we showed that high fluid shear stress induced the mRNA expression of MMP-12 via cyclic (c)AMP- and PGF2α-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, we found that high fluid shear stress (20 dyn/cm2) significantly increased the expression of MMP-12 at 6 h ( > fivefold), which then slightly decreased until 48 h ( > threefold). In addition, shear stress enhanced the rapid synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2α, which generated synergistic effects on the expression of MMP-12 via EP2/EP3-, PGF2α receptor (FPR)-, cAMP- and insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-2)-dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (AKT), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-activating pathways. Prolonged shear stress induced the synthesis of 15d-PGJ2, which is responsible for suppressing the high levels of MMP-12 at 48 h. These in vitro observations were further validated by in vivo experiments to evaluate the mechanisms of MMP-12 upregulation during the onset of OA by high fluid shear stress. By delineating this signaling pathway, our data provide a targeted therapeutic basis for combating OA. Shear stress induces cartilage cells to produce hormone-like molecules that activate the expression of an enzyme implicated in the development of osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease. Pu Wang and colleagues from Northeastern University in Shenyang, China, exposed human cartilage cells to high fluid shear stress for up to 2 days. This frictional strain rapidly stimulated the production of a proinflammatory enzyme, COX-2, which in turn promoted the synthesis of two hormone-like substances, called prostaglandins. These prostaglandins, PGE2 and PGF2α, then induced expression of an osteoarthritis-associated enzyme called MMP-12 that destroys the supporting structure that surrounds cartilage cells. The researchers, working both in human cells and in mouse models, further delineated several intermediate signaling molecules in the pathway linking shear stress with MMP-12 activation, thereby revealing several new potential drug targets for combating osteoarthritis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Yan Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 P. R. China
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Klawitter J, Reed-Gitomer BY, McFann K, Pennington A, Klawitter J, Abebe KZ, Klepacki J, Cadnapaphornchai MA, Brosnahan G, Chonchol M, Christians U, Schrier RW. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1198-206. [PMID: 25234311 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00327.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature mortality in ADPKD patients. The aim was to identify potential serum biomarkers associated with the severity of ADPKD. Serum samples from a homogenous group of 61 HALT study A ADPKD patients [early disease group with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 ml·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2)] were compared with samples from 49 patients from the HALT study B group with moderately advanced disease (eGFR 25-60 ml·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2)). Targeted tandem-mass spectrometry analysis of markers of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress was performed and correlated with eGFR and total kidney volume normalized to the body surface area (TKV/BSA). ADPKD patients with eGFR >60 ml·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2) showed higher levels of CVD risk markers asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA), homocysteine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) compared with the healthy controls. Upon adjustments for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, and creatinine, SDMA, homocysteine, and SAH remained negatively correlated with eGFR. Resulting cellular methylation power [S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/SAH ratio] correlated with the reduction of renal function and increase in TKV. Concentrations of prostaglandins (PGs), including oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane, as well as PGF2α, PGD₂, and PGE₂, were markedly elevated in patients with ADPKD compared with healthy controls. Upon adjustments for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, and creatinine, increased PGD₂ and PGF₂α were associated with reduced eGFR, whereas 8-isoprostane and again PGF₂α were associated with an increase in TKV/BSA. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are evident early in ADPKD patients, even in those with preserved kidney function. The identified pathways may provide potential therapeutic targets for slowing down the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | - Kim McFann
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | - Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kaleab Z Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacek Klepacki
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Godela Brosnahan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert W Schrier
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
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Esquibies AE, Karihaloo A, Quaggin SE, Bazzy-Asaad A, Cantley LG. Heparin binding VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic embryonic lung growth retardation via a FLK1-neuropilin-1-PKC dependent pathway. Respir Res 2014; 15:32. [PMID: 24641672 PMCID: PMC4004166 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that hyperoxia suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the embryonic lung, leading to increased epithelial cell apoptosis and failure of explant airway growth and branching that was rescued by the addition of Vegf165. The aims of this study were to determine protective pathways by which VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic lung growth retardation and to identify the target cell for VEGF action. Methods Timed pregnant CD-1 or fetal liver kinase (FLK1)-eGFP lung explants cultured in 3% or 50% oxygen were treated ± Vegf121, VEGF164/Vegf165 or VEGF188 in the presence or absence of anti-rat neuropilin-1 (NRP1) antibody or GO6983 (protein kinase C (PKC) pan-inhibitor) and lung growth and branching quantified. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine apoptosis index and location of FLK1 phosphorylation and western blot studies of lung explants were performed to define the signaling pathways that mediate the protective effects of VEGF. Results Heparin-binding VEGF isoforms (VEGF164/Vegf165 and VEGF188) but not Vegf121 selectively reduced epithelial apoptosis and partially rescued lung bud branching and growth. These protective effects required NRP1-dependent FLK1 activation in endothelial cells. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways demonstrated that the VEGF-mediated anti-apoptotic effects were dependent on PKC activation. Conclusions Vegf165 activates FLK1-NRP1 signaling in endothelial cells, leading to a PKC-dependent paracrine signal that in turn inhibits epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Americo E Esquibies
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Respiratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P,O, Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khalil RM. A review on the role of L-carnitine in the management of tamoxifen side effects in treated women with breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2845-55. [PMID: 24338689 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine is an antioxidant and is found to be a protective agent against many diseases including cancer. This review illustrates the possible role of L-carnitine as an add-on therapy to breast cancer patients maintained on tamoxifen. The objectives of carnitine treatment are diverse: improving tamoxifen-related side effects, offering better cancer prognosis by reducing the risk of developing cancer recurrence or metastasis, and modulating the growth factors which may be, in part, a prospective illustration to overcome tamoxifen resistance. So, it could be recommended to supplement L-carnitine to breast cancer patients starting tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Iinuma K, Sato T, Akimoto N, Kurihara H, Ito A. Induction of inflammatory reactions by lipopolysaccharide in hamster sebaceous glands and pilosebaceous units in vivo and in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:1107-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Tsai JH, Hwang JM, Ying TH, Shyu JC, Tsai CC, Hsieh YS, Wang YW, Liu JY, Kao SH. The activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 induced by protein kinase C alpha in decidualization. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:547-54. [PMID: 19693770 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protein kinase C (PKC) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the development of deciduomata in pseudo-pregnant and pregnant rats. The results showed that the expression of MMP-2 was significantly increased from day 2 to day 5 in pseudo-pregnancy and from day 7 to day 9 in pregnancy. To further investigate the correlation between MMP-2 and protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha), the expression of MMP-2 in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-treated organotypic culture of decidual tissue was determined. The results showed that the active form of MMP-2 was significantly increased in the TPA-treated cultures. Moreover, this response was inhibited by the PKC inhibitor H7, the PKC alpha specific inhibitor Gö-6976 and the translation inhibitor cycloheximide, but not by the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D or the replication inhibitor mitomycin C. In addition, TPA also reversed the MMP-2 expression after by progesterone pretreatment in the primary decidual cells. These findings indicate that PKC alpha may play an important role in the regulation of the MMP-2 expression during decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
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