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Lin YC, Ku CC, Wuputra K, Liu CJ, Wu DC, Satou M, Mitsui Y, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Possible Strategies to Reduce the Tumorigenic Risk of Reprogrammed Normal and Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5177. [PMID: 38791215 PMCID: PMC11120835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells has immense potential for use in regenerating or redeveloping tissues for transplantation, and the future application of this method is one of the most important research topics in regenerative medicine. These cells are generated from normal cells, adult stem cells, or neoplastic cancer cells. They express embryonic stem cell markers, such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and can differentiate into all tissue types in adults, both in vitro and in vivo. However, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity of cell populations may hamper the use of this method in medical therapeutics. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of these stemness genes during the transformation of pluripotent stem cells to cancer cells and on the alteration of the microenvironments of stem cell niches at genetic and epigenetic levels. Recent reports have shown that the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human fibroblasts could be induced using chemicals, which is a safe, easy, and clinical-grade manufacturing strategy for modifying the cell fate of human cells required for regeneration therapies. This strategy is one of the future routes for the clinical application of reprogramming therapy. Therefore, this review highlights the recent progress in research focused on decreasing the tumorigenic risk of iPSCs or iPSC-derived organoids and increasing the safety of iPSC cell preparation and their application for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Cha-Chien Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (D.-C.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (D.-C.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Maki Satou
- Research Institute, Horus Co., Ltd., Iruma 358-0032, Saitama, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yukio Mitsui
- Research Institute, Horus Co., Ltd., Iruma 358-0032, Saitama, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.)
- Research Institute, Horus Co., Ltd., Iruma 358-0032, Saitama, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.M.)
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita 329-1571, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (D.-C.W.)
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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2
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Bosch BM, Salero E, Núñez-Toldrà R, Sabater AL, Gil FJ, Perez RA. Discovering the Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Corneal Endothelial Cell Production: A Proof of Concept. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:617724. [PMID: 33585434 PMCID: PMC7876244 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.617724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of corneal endothelium cell monolayer is the main cause leading to corneal transplantation. Autologous cell-based therapies are required to reconstruct in vitro the cell monolayer. Several strategies have been proposed using embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, although their use has ethical issues as well as limited clinical applications. For this purpose, we propose the use of dental pulp stem cells isolated from the third molars to form the corneal endothelium cell monolayer. We hypothesize that using dental pulp stem cells that share an embryological origin with corneal endothelial cells, as they both arise from the neural crest, may allow a direct differentiation process avoiding the use of reprogramming techniques, such as induced pluripotent stem cells. In this work, we report a two-step differentiation protocol, where dental pulp stem cells are derived into neural crest stem-like cells and, then, into corneal endothelial-like cells. Initially, for the first-step we used an adhesion culture and compared two initial cell sources: a direct formation from dental pulp stem cells with the differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells. Results showed significantly higher levels of early stage marker AP2 for the dental pulp stem cells compared to induced pluripotent stem cells. In order to provide a better environment for neural crest stem cells generation, we performed a suspension method, which induced the formation of neurospheres. Results showed that neurosphere formation obtained the peak of neural crest stem cell markers expression after 4 days, showing overexpression of AP2, Nestin, and p75 markers, confirming the formation of neural crest stem-like cells. Furthermore, pluripotent markers Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 were as well-upregulated in suspension culture. Neurospheres were then directly cultured in corneal endothelial conditioned medium for the second differentiation into corneal endothelial-like cells. Results showed the conversion of dental pulp stem cells into polygonal-like cells expressing higher levels of ZO-1, ATP1A1, COL4A2, and COL8A2 markers, providing a proof of the conversion into corneal endothelial-like cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that patient-derived dental pulp stem cells may represent an autologous cell source for corneal endothelial therapies that avoids actual transplantation limitations as well as reprogramming techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña M Bosch
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Salero
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Raquel Núñez-Toldrà
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso L Sabater
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - F J Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman A Perez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Salicylic diamines selectively eliminate residual undifferentiated cells from pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte preparations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2391. [PMID: 33504837 PMCID: PMC7841182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical translation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derivatives is hindered by the tumorigenic risk from residual undifferentiated cells. Here, we identified salicylic diamines as potent agents exhibiting toxicity to murine and human PSCs but not to cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from them. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of small molecules SM2 and SM6 were, respectively, 9- and 18-fold higher for human than murine PSCs, while the IC50 of SM8 was comparable for both PSC groups. Treatment of murine embryoid bodies in suspension differentiation cultures with the most effective small molecule SM6 significantly reduced PSC and non-PSC contamination and enriched CM populations that would otherwise be eliminated in genetic selection approaches. All tested salicylic diamines exerted their toxicity by inhibiting the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PSCs. No or only minimal and reversible effects on OCR, sarcomeric integrity, DNA stability, apoptosis rate, ROS levels or beating frequency were observed in PSC-CMs, although effects on human PSC-CMs seemed to be more deleterious at higher SM-concentrations. Teratoma formation from SM6-treated murine PSC-CMs was abolished or delayed compared to untreated cells. We conclude that salicylic diamines represent promising compounds for PSC removal and enrichment of CMs without the need for other selection strategies.
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Chemical hypoxia induces apoptosis of human pluripotent stem cells by a NOXA-mediated HIF-1α and HIF-2α independent mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20653. [PMID: 33244167 PMCID: PMC7692563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs) are self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that can differentiate to a wide range of specialized cells. Notably, hPSCs enhance their undifferentiated state and self-renewal properties in hypoxia (5% O2). Although thoroughly analyzed, hypoxia implication in hPSCs death is not fully determined. In order to evaluate the effect of chemically mimicked hypoxia on hPSCs cell survival, we analyzed changes in cell viability and several aspects of apoptosis triggered by CoCl2 and dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Mitochondrial function assays revealed a decrease in cell viability at 24 h post-treatments. Moreover, we detected chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and CASPASE-9 and 3 cleavages. In this context, we observed that P53, BNIP-3, and NOXA protein expression levels were significantly up-regulated at different time points upon chemical hypoxia induction. However, only siRNA-mediated downregulation of NOXA but not HIF-1α, HIF-2α, BNIP-3, and P53 did significantly affect the extent of cell death triggered by CoCl2 and DMOG in hPSCs. In conclusion, chemically mimicked hypoxia induces hPSCs cell death by a NOXA-mediated HIF-1α and HIF-2α independent mechanism.
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Madsen SD, Giler MK, Bunnell BA, O'Connor KC. Illuminating the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells In Vivo with Bioluminescence Imaging. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000248. [PMID: 33089922 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies are essential to the development of safe and effective stem cell therapies. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful tool in animal studies that enables the real-time longitudinal monitoring of stem cells in vivo to elucidate their regenerative properties. This review describes the application of BLI in preclinical stem cell research to address critical challenges in producing successful stem cell therapeutics. These challenges include stem cell survival, proliferation, homing, stress response, and differentiation. The applications presented here utilize bioluminescence to investigate a variety of stem and progenitor cells in several different in vivo models of disease and implantation. An overview of luciferase reporters is provided, along with the advantages and disadvantages of BLI. Additionally, BLI is compared to other preclinical imaging modalities and potential future applications of this technology are discussed in emerging areas of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Margaret K Giler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kim C O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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6
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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7
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Villodre ES, Felipe KB, Oyama MZ, Oliveira FHD, Lopez PLDC, Solari C, Sevlever G, Guberman A, Lenz G. Silencing of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc or Nanog has different effect on teratoma growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:324-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Mao D, Chung XKW, Andoh-Noda T, Qin Y, Sato SI, Takemoto Y, Akamatsu W, Okano H, Uesugi M. Chemical decontamination of iPS cell-derived neural cell mixtures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1355-1358. [PMID: 29350722 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the design and evaluation of phosphorylated 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38-P), which selectively eliminates tumor-forming proliferative stem cells, including human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and neural stem cells, from iPSC-derived neural cell mixtures. Results of the present study demonstrate that simple phosphorylation of an anticancer drug can provide a safe, cost-effective, and chemically-defined tool for decontaminating hiPSC-derived neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Mao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach to the treatment of ischemic heart disease via replenishing cell loss after myocardial infarction. Both preclinical studies and clinical trials have indicated that cardiac function improved consistently, but very modestly after cell-based therapy. This mainly attributed to low cell survival rate, engraftment and functional integration, which became the major challenges to regenerative medicine. In recent years, several new cell types have been developed to regenerate cardiomyocytes and novel delivery approaches helped to increase local cell retention. New strategies, such as cell pretreatment, gene-based therapy, tissue engineering, extracellular vesicles application and immunologic regulation, have surged and brought about improved cell survival and functional integration leading to better therapeutic effects after cell transplantation. In this review, we summarize these new strategies targeting at challenges of cardiac regenerative medicine and discuss recent evidences that may hint their effectiveness in the future clinical settings.
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Narayanan G, Bhattacharjee M, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration: the Role of the Stem Cells. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Miyagawa S, Fukushima S, Imanishi Y, Kawamura T, Mochizuki-Oda N, Masuda S, Sawa Y. Building A New Treatment For Heart Failure-Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cells into the Heart. Curr Gene Ther 2016; 16:5-13. [PMID: 26785736 PMCID: PMC4997929 DOI: 10.2174/1566523216666160119094143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cardiac failure is a progressive intractable disease and is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Since this pathology is represented by a definite decrease in cardiomyocyte number, supplementation of functional cardiomyocytes into the heart would hypothetically be an ideal therapeutic option. Recently, unlimited in vitro production of human functional cardiomyocytes was established by using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which avoids the use of human embryos. A number of basic studies including ours have shown that transplantation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) into the damaged heart leads to recovery of cardiac function, thereby establishing “proof-of-concept” of this iPSC-transplantation therapy. However, considering clinical application of this therapy, its feasibility, safety, and therapeutic efficacy need to be further investigated in the pre-clinical stage. This review summarizes up-to-date important topics related to safety and efficacy of iPSC-CMs transplantation therapy for cardiac disease and discusses the prospects for this treatment in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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López-Serrano C, Torres-Espín A, Hernández J, Alvarez-Palomo AB, Requena J, Gasull X, Edel MJ, Navarro X. Effects of the Post-Spinal Cord Injury Microenvironment on the Differentiation Capacity of Human Neural Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1833-1852. [DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of neural functions below the level of the lesion due to interruption of spinal pathways and secondary neurodegenerative processes. The transplant of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising approach for the repair of SCI. Reprogramming of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is expected to provide an autologous source of iPSC-derived NSCs, avoiding the immune response as well as ethical issues. However, there is still limited information on the behavior and differentiation pattern of transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs within the damaged spinal cord. We transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs, obtained from adult human somatic cells, into rats at 0 or 7 days after SCI, and evaluated motor-evoked potentials and locomotion of the animals. We histologically analyzed engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation of the iPSC-derived NSCs and the spared tissue in the spinal cords at 7, 21, and 63 days posttransplant. Both transplanted groups showed a late decline in functional recovery compared to vehicle-injected groups. Histological analysis showed proliferation of transplanted cells within the tissue and that cells formed a mass. At the final time point, most grafted cells differentiated to neural and astroglial lineages, but not into oligodendrocytes, while some grafted cells remained undifferentiated and proliferative. The proinflammatory tissue microenviroment of the injured spinal cord induced proliferation of the grafted cells and, therefore, there are possible risks associated with iPSC-derived NSC transplantation. New approaches are needed to promote and guide cell differentiation, as well as reduce their tumorigenicity once the cells are transplanted at the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara López-Serrano
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Hernández
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana B. Alvarez-Palomo
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Requena
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J. Edel
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Sydney Medical School, Westmead Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, Westmead, Australia
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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Bedel A, Beliveau F, Lamrissi‐Garcia I, Rousseau B, Moranvillier I, Rucheton B, Guyonnet‐Dupérat V, Cardinaud B, de Verneuil H, Moreau‐Gaudry F, Dabernat S. Preventing Pluripotent Cell Teratoma in Regenerative Medicine Applied to Hematology Disorders. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:382-393. [PMID: 28191782 PMCID: PMC5442801 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic tumorigenesis is a major limitation for the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in hematology. The teratoma risk comes from the persistence of hiPSCs in differentiated cell populations. Our goal was to evaluate the best system to purge residual hiPSCs before graft without compromising hematopoietic repopulation capability. Teratoma risk after systemic injection of hiPSCs expressing the reporter gene luciferase was assessed for the first time. Teratoma formation in immune‐deficient mice was tracked by in vivo bioimaging. We observed that systemic injection of hiPSCs produced multisite teratoma as soon as 5 weeks after injection. To eliminate hiPSCs before grafting, we tested the embryonic‐specific expression of suicide genes under the control of the pmiR‐302/367 promoter. This promoter was highly active in hiPSCs but not in differentiated cells. The gene/prodrug inducible Caspase‐9 (iCaspase‐9)/AP20187 was more efficient and rapid than thymidine kinase/ganciclovir, fully specific, and without bystander effect. We observed that iCaspase‐9‐expressing hiPSCs died in a dose‐dependent manner with AP20187, without reaching full eradication in vitro. Unexpectedly, nonspecific toxicity of AP20187 on iCaspase‐9‐negative hiPSCs and on CD34+ cells was evidenced in vitro. This toxic effect strongly impaired CD34+‐derived human hematopoiesis in adoptive transfers. Survivin inhibition is an alternative to the suicide gene approach because hiPSCs fully rely on survivin for survival. Survivin inhibitor YM155 was more efficient than AP20187/iCaspase‐9 for killing hiPSCs, without toxicity on CD34+ cells, in vitro and in adoptive transfers. hiPSC purge by survivin inhibitor fully eradicated teratoma formation in immune‐deficient mice. This will be useful to improve the safety management for hiPSC‐based medicine. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:382–393
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caspase 9/genetics
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide
- Hematologic Diseases/surgery
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Naphthoquinones/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Regenerative Medicine/methods
- Risk Assessment
- Survivin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Survivin/metabolism
- Tacrolimus/analogs & derivatives
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Teratoma/genetics
- Teratoma/metabolism
- Teratoma/pathology
- Teratoma/prevention & control
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Bedel
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Beliveau
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Benoit Rousseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Benoit Rucheton
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Bruno Cardinaud
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hubert de Verneuil
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Moreau‐Gaudry
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Dabernat
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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15
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Galat V, Galat Y, Perepitchka M, Jennings LJ, Iannaccone PM, Hendrix MJC. Transgene Reactivation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivatives and Reversion to Pluripotency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1060-72. [PMID: 27193052 PMCID: PMC4939377 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. It is now felt that clinical trials should be performed with iPSCs derived with nonintegrative constructs. Numerous studies, however, including those describing disease models, are still being published using cells derived from iPSCs generated with integrative constructs. Our experimental work presents the first evidence of spontaneous transgene reactivation in vitro in several cellular types. Our results show that the transgenes were predominantly silent in parent iPSCs, but in mesenchymal and endothelial iPSC derivatives, the transgenes experienced random upregulation of Nanog and c-Myc. Additionally, we provide evidence of spontaneous secondary reprogramming and reversion to pluripotency in mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs. These findings strongly suggest that the studies, which use cellular products derived from iPSCs generated with retro- or lentiviruses, should be evaluated with consideration of the possibility of transgene reactivation. The in vitro model described here provides insight into the earliest events of culture transformation and suggests the hypothesis that reversion to pluripotency may be responsible for the development of tumors in cell replacement experiments. The main goal of this work, however, is to communicate the possibility of transgene reactivation in retro- or lenti-iPSC derivatives and the associated loss of cellular fidelity in vitro, which may impact the outcomes of disease modeling and related experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Galat
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yekaterina Galat
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- 3 Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Kramer N, Rosner M, Kovacic B, Hengstschläger M. Full biological characterization of human pluripotent stem cells will open the door to translational research. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2173-2186. [PMID: 27325309 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), great hopes were held for their therapeutic application including disease modeling, drug discovery screenings, toxicological screenings and regenerative therapy. hESC and hiPSC have the advantage of indefinite self-renewal, thereby generating an inexhaustible pool of cells with, e.g., specific genotype for developing putative treatments; they can differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers enabling autologous transplantation, and via donor-selection they can express various genotypes of interest for better disease modeling. Furthermore, drug screenings and toxicological screenings in hESC and hiPSC are more pertinent to identify drugs or chemical compounds that are harmful for human, than a mouse model could predict. Despite continuing research in the wide field of therapeutic applications, further understanding of the underlying basic mechanisms of stem cell function is necessary. Here, we summarize current knowledge concerning pluripotency, self-renewal, apoptosis, motility, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kramer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Kovacic
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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El Khatib MM, Ohmine S, Jacobus EJ, Tonne JM, Morsy SG, Holditch SJ, Schreiber CA, Uetsuka K, Fusaki N, Wigle DA, Terzic A, Kudva YC, Ikeda Y. Tumor-Free Transplantation of Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Progeny for Customized Islet Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:694-702. [PMID: 26987352 PMCID: PMC4835241 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and derived progeny provide invaluable regenerative platforms, yet their clinical translation has been compromised by their biosafety concern. Here, we assessed the safety of transplanting patient-derived iPSC-generated pancreatic endoderm/progenitor cells. Transplantation of progenitors from iPSCs reprogrammed by lentiviral vectors (LV-iPSCs) led to the formation of invasive teratocarcinoma-like tumors in more than 90% of immunodeficient mice. Moreover, removal of primary tumors from LV-iPSC progeny-transplanted hosts generated secondary and metastatic tumors. Combined transgene-free (TGF) reprogramming and elimination of residual pluripotent cells by enzymatic dissociation ensured tumor-free transplantation, ultimately enabling regeneration of type 1 diabetes-specific human islet structures in vivo. The incidence of tumor formation in TGF-iPSCs was titratable, depending on the oncogenic load, with reintegration of the cMYC expressing vector abolishing tumor-free transplantation. Thus, transgene-free cMYC-independent reprogramming and elimination of residual pluripotent cells are mandatory steps in achieving transplantation of iPSC progeny for customized and safe islet regeneration in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Pluripotent stem cell therapy for diabetes relies on the safety as well as the quality of derived insulin-producing cells. Data from this study highlight prominent tumorigenic risks of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) products, especially when reprogrammed with integrating vectors. Two major underlying mechanisms in iPSC tumorigenicity are residual pluripotent cells and cMYC overload by vector integration. This study also demonstrated that combined transgene-free reprogramming and enzymatic dissociation allows teratoma-free transplantation of iPSC progeny in the mouse model in testing the tumorigenicity of iPSC products. Further safety assessment and improvement in iPSC specification into a mature β cell phenotype would lead to safe islet replacement therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiga Ohmine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Egon J Jacobus
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason M Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Salma G Morsy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara J Holditch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claire A Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Koji Uetsuka
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Hygiene, Department of Biological Production Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noemi Fusaki
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dennis A Wigle
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Wyles SP, Faustino RS, Li X, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Systems-based technologies in profiling the stem cell molecular framework for cardioregenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:501-10. [PMID: 25218144 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, advancements in stem cell biology have yielded a variety of sources for stem cell-based cardiovascular investigation. Stem cell behavior, whether to maintain its stable state of pluripotency or to prime toward the cardiovascular lineage is governed by a set of coordinated interactions between epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational mechanisms. The science of incorporating genes (genomics), RNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics) data in a specific biological sample is known as systems biology. Integrating systems biology in progression with stem cell biologics can contribute to our knowledge of mechanisms that underlie pluripotency maintenance and guarantee fidelity of cardiac lineage specification. This review provides a brief summarization of OMICS-based strategies including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics used to understand stem cell fate and to outline molecular processes involved in heart development. Additionally, current efforts in cardioregeneration based on the "one-size-fits-all" principle limit the potential of individualized therapy in regenerative medicine. Here, we summarize recent studies that introduced systems biology into cardiovascular clinical outcomes analysis, allowing for predictive assessment for disease recurrence and patient-specific therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya P Wyles
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
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19
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Focosi D, Pistello M. Effect of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology in Blood Banking. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:269-74. [PMID: 26819256 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Population aging has imposed cost-effective alternatives to blood donations. Artificial blood is still at the preliminary stages of development, and the need for viable cells seems unsurmountable. Because large numbers of viable cells must be promptly available for clinical use, stem cell technologies, expansion, and banking represent ideal tools to ensure a regular supply. Provided key donors can be identified, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology could pave the way to a new era in transfusion medicine, just as it is already doing in many other fields of medicine. The present review summarizes the current state of research on iPSC technology in the field of blood banking, highlighting hurdles, and promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Lui PPY. Stem cell technology for tendon regeneration: current status, challenges, and future research directions. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:163-74. [PMID: 26715856 PMCID: PMC4685888 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s60832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are a common cause of physical disability. They present a clinical challenge to orthopedic surgeons because injured tendons respond poorly to current treatments without tissue regeneration and the time required for rehabilitation is long. New treatment options are required. Stem cell-based therapies offer great potential to promote tendon regeneration due to their high proliferative, synthetic, and immunomodulatory activities as well as their potential to differentiate to the target cell types and undergo genetic modification. In this review, I first recapped the challenges of tendon repair by reviewing the anatomy of tendon. Next, I discussed the advantages and limitations of using different types of stem cells compared to terminally differentiated cells for tendon tissue engineering. The safety and efficacy of application of stem cells and their modified counterparts for tendon tissue engineering were then summarized after a systematic literature search in PubMed. The challenges and future research directions to enhance, optimize, and standardize stem cell-based therapies for augmenting tendon repair were then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Headquarter, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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21
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Stem cells: the pursuit of genomic stability. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20948-67. [PMID: 25405730 PMCID: PMC4264205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells harbor significant potential for regenerative medicine as well as basic and clinical translational research. Prior to harnessing their reparative nature for degenerative diseases, concerns regarding their genetic integrity and mutation acquisition need to be addressed. Here we review pluripotent and multipotent stem cell response to DNA damage including differences in DNA repair kinetics, specific repair pathways (homologous recombination vs. non-homologous end joining), and apoptotic sensitivity. We also describe DNA damage and repair strategies during reprogramming and discuss potential genotoxic agents that can reduce the inherent risk for teratoma formation and mutation accumulation. Ensuring genomic stability in stem cell lines is required to achieve the quality control standards for safe clinical application.
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