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Cong X, Zhang SM, Ellis MW, Luo J. Large Animal Models for the Clinical Application of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1288-1298. [PMID: 31359827 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a practically infinite and ethically acceptable source to obtain a variety of somatic cells. Coupled with the biotechnologies of cell therapy or tissue engineering, iPSC technology will enormously contribute to human regenerative medicine. Before clinical application, such human iPSC (hiPSC)-based therapies should be assessed using large animal models that more closely match biological or biomechanical properties of human patients. Therefore, it is critical to generate large animal iPSCs, obtain their iPSC-derived somatic cells, and preclinically evaluate their therapeutic efficacy and safety in large animals. During the past decade, the establishment of iPSC lines of a series of large animal species has been documented, and the acquisition and preclinical evaluation of iPSC-derived somatic cells has also been reported. Despite this progress, significant obstacles, such as obtaining or preserving the bona fide pluripotency of large animal iPSCs, have been encountered. Simultaneously, studies of large animal iPSCs have been overlooked in comparison with those of mouse and hiPSCs, and this field deserves more attention and support due to its important preclinical relevance. Herein, this review will focus on the large animal models of pigs, dogs, horses, and sheep/goats, and summarize current progress, challenges, and potential future directions of research on large animal iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Cong
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cardiology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shang-Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew W Ellis
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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Kim E, Kim M, Hwang SU, Kim J, Lee G, Park YS, Hyun SH. Neural induction of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells and further differentiation using glioblastoma-cultured medium. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2052-2063. [PMID: 30609263 PMCID: PMC6378232 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to transplantation, preclinical study of safety and efficacy of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is needed. Therefore, it is important to generate an efficient in vitro platform for neural cell differentiation in large animal models such as pigs. In this study, porcine‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were seeded at high cell density to a neural induction medium containing the dual Sma‐ and Mad‐related protein (SMAD) inhibitors, a TGF‐β inhibitor and BMP4 inhibitor. The dSMADi‐derived NPCs showed NPC markers such as PLAG1, NESTIN and VIMENTIN and higher mRNA expression of Sox1 compared to the control. The mRNA expression of HOXB4 was found to significantly increase in the retinoic acid‐treated group. NPCs propagated in vitro and generated neurospheres that are capable of further differentiation in neurons and glial cells. Gliobalstoma‐cultured medium including injury‐related cytokines treated porcine iPSC‐NPCs survive well in vitro and showed more neuronal marker expression compared to standard control medium. Collectively, the present study developed an efficient method for production of neural commitment of porcine iPSCs into NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Wu X, Yang X, Majumder A, Swetenburg R, Goodfellow FT, Bartlett MG, Stice SL. From the Cover: AstrocytesAre Protective Against Chlorpyrifos Developmental Neurotoxicity in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocyte-Neuron Cocultures. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:410-420. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | | | - Forrest T. Goodfellow
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center
- ArunA Biomedical, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Webb RL, Gallegos-Cárdenas A, Miller CN, Solomotis NJ, Liu HX, West FD, Stice SL. Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Rosettes Parallel Human Differentiation Into Sensory Neural Subtypes. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:88-94. [PMID: 28266869 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig is the large animal model of choice for study of nerve regeneration and wound repair. Availability of porcine sensory neural cells would conceptually allow for analogous cell-based peripheral nerve regeneration in porcine injuries of similar severity and size to those found in humans. After recently reporting that porcine (or pig) induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) differentiate into neural rosette (NR) structures similar to human NRs, here we demonstrate that pig NR cells could differentiate into neural crest cells and other peripheral nervous system-relevant cell types. Treatment with either bone morphogenetic protein 4 or fetal bovine serum led to differentiation into BRN3A-positive sensory cells and increased expression of sensory neuron TRK receptor gene family: TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC. Porcine sensory neural cells would allow determination of parallels between human and porcine cells in response to noxious stimuli, analgesics, and reparative mechanisms. In vitro differentiation of pig sensory neurons provides a novel model system for neural cell subtype specification and would provide a novel platform for the study of regenerative therapeutics by elucidating the requirements for innervation following injury and axonal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Webb
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Amalia Gallegos-Cárdenas
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Colette N Miller
- 2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas J Solomotis
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven L Stice
- 1 Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, Georgia .,2 Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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Wang N, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wang H. OTX2 impedes self-renewal of porcine iPS cells through downregulation of NANOG expression. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16090. [PMID: 27924227 PMCID: PMC5136617 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Otx2 acts as a negative switch in the regulation of transition from naive to primed pluripotency in mouse pluripotent stem cells. However, the molecular features and function of porcine OTX2 have not been well elucidated in porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs). By studying high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and interfering endogenous OTX2 expression, we demonstrate that OTX2 is able to downgrade the self-renewal of piPSCs. OTX2 is highly expressed in porcine brain, reproductive tissues, and preimplantation embryos, but is undetectable in fibroblasts and most somatic tissues. However, the known piPSC lines reported previously produced different levels of OTX2 depending on the induction procedures and culture conditions. Overexpression of porcine OTX2 can reduce the percentage of alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies and downregulate NANOG and OCT4 expression. In contrast, knockdown of OTX2 can significantly increase endogenous expressions of NANOG, OCT4, and ESRRB, and stabilize the pluripotent state of piPSCs. On the other hand, NANOG can directly bind to the OTX2 promoter as shown in ChIP-seq data and repress OTX2 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. These observations indicate that OTX2 and NANOG can form a negative feedback circuitry to regulate the pluripotency of porcine iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Youlong Xie
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huayan Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Wu X, Majumder A, Webb R, Stice SL. High content imaging quantification of multiple in vitro human neurogenesis events after neurotoxin exposure. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:62. [PMID: 27903287 PMCID: PMC5131404 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to test neural active compounds in a human developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) model that represents neural tube stages of vulnerability. Previously we showed that 14 days in vitro (DIV 14) was sufficient to generate cryopreserved neuronal cells for post thaw neurite recovery assays. However, short exposure and assessment may not detect toxicants that affect an early neurogenesis continuum, from a mitotic human neural progenitor (hNP) cell population through the course of neurite outgrowth in differentiating neurons. Therefore, we continuously exposed differentiating hNP cells from DIV 0 through DIV 14 to known toxicants and endocrine active compounds in order to assess at DIV 14 effects of these compounds in a human DNT maturation model for neurogenesis. Methods The Human DNT continuum (DIV 0 to DIV 14) was determined using immunocytochemistry for SOX1+ (proliferating hNP) and HuC/D+ (post mitotic neurons). The cumulative effects of five compounds was observed on neurite outgrowth in (βIII-tubulin+) and (HuC/D+) cells using high content imaging. All data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results During maturation in vitro, the neural cultures transitioned from uniform hNP cells (DIV 0) to predominantly mature post mitotic neuronal neurons (HuC/D+, 65%; DIV14) but also maintained a smaller population of hNP cells (SOX1+). Using this DNT maturation model system, Bis-1, testosterone, and β-estradiol inhibited neuronal maturation at micromolar levels but were unaffected by acetaminophen. β-estradiol also disrupted neurite extension at 10 μM. Treating cells in this window with Bisphenol A (BPA) significantly inhibited neurite outgrowth and branching in these continuum cultures but only at the highest concentrations tested (10 μM). Conclusions Cumulative effects of neurotoxicant exposure during a maturation continuum altered human neurogenesis at lower exposure levels than observed in acute exposure of static cryopreserved neurite recovery neurons cultures. Unlike prior acute studies, β-estradiol was highly toxic when present throughout the continuum and cytotoxicity was manifested starting early in the continuum via a non-estrogen receptor α (ER α) mechanism. Therefore, the effect of neural developmental neurotoxins can and should be determined during the dynamic process of human neural maturation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-016-0107-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Robin Webb
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven L Stice
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,ArunA Biomedical, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Clinical potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cells : Perspectives of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:99-112. [PMID: 27900567 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent establishment of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells promises the development of autologous cell therapies for degenerative diseases, without the ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Initially, iPS cells were generated by retroviral transduction of somatic cells with core reprogramming genes. To avoid potential genotoxic effects associated with retroviral transfection, more recently, alternative non-viral gene transfer approaches were developed. Before a potential clinical application of iPS cell-derived therapies can be planned, it must be ensured that the reprogramming to pluripotency is not associated with genome mutagenesis or epigenetic aberrations. This may include direct effects of the reprogramming method or "off-target" effects associated with the reprogramming or the culture conditions. Thus, a rigorous safety testing of iPS or iPS-derived cells is imperative, including long-term studies in model animals. This will include not only rodents but also larger mammalian model species to allow for assessing long-term stability of the transplanted cells, functional integration into the host tissue, and freedom from undifferentiated iPS cells. Determination of the necessary cell dose is also critical; it is assumed that a minimum of 1 billion transplantable cells is required to achieve a therapeutic effect. This will request medium to long-term in vitro cultivation and dozens of cell divisions, bearing the risk of accumulating replication errors. Here, we review the clinical potential of human iPS cells and evaluate which are the most suitable approaches to overcome or minimize risks associated with the application of iPS cell-derived cell therapies.
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