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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Ludwig A, Sadeghieh T, Menzies P, Mubareka S, Clow KM. A Scoping Review on the Epidemiology of Orthobunyaviruses of Canadian Public and Animal Health Relevance in the Context of Vector Species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024. [PMID: 38687337 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses are a growing priority for public and animal health in Canada. It is anticipated that disease incidence will increase due to a warming climate, given that habitats are expanding for reservoir hosts and vectors, particularly in Canada. Little is known about the ecology of primary vectors that perpetuate these orthobunyaviruses, including the viral transmission cycle and the impact of climatic and landscape factors. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology of orthobunyaviruses relevant to Canada. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was used to characterize studies focused on vector species. A literature search was conducted in six databases and gray literature. Eligible studies characterized orthobunyavirus epidemiology related to vector species, including viral competency, geospatial distributions, seasonal trends, and/or risk factors. Results: A total of 1734 unique citations were identified. Screening of these citations revealed 172 relevant studies, from which 87 studies presented primary data related to vectors. The orthobunyaviruses included Cache Valley virus (CVV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Snowshoe Hare virus (SHV), and La Crosse virus (LACV). Surveillance was the predominant study focus, with most citations representing the United States, specifically, LACV surveillance in Tennessee, followed by CVV and JCV in Connecticut. Orthobunyaviruses were detected in many mosquito species across multiple genera, with high vector specificity only being reported for LACV, which included Aedes triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes japonicus. Peridomestic areas were positively associated with infected mosquitoes compared with dense forests. Orthobunyavirus infections, coinfections, and gut microbiota affected mosquito feeding and breeding behavior. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps included Canadian surveillance data, disease modeling, and risk projections. Further research in these areas, especially accounting for climate change, is needed to guide health policy for prevention of orthobunyaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Bergevin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Tara Sadeghieh
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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2
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Hughes HR, Kenney JL, Calvert AE. Cache Valley virus: an emerging arbovirus of public and veterinary health importance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1230-1241. [PMID: 37862064 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) that has been identified as a teratogen in ruminants causing fetal death and severe malformations during epizootics in the U.S. CVV has recently emerged as a viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Despite its emergence as a public health and agricultural concern, CVV has yet to be significantly studied by the scientific community. Limited information exists on CVV's geographic distribution, ecological cycle, seroprevalence in humans and animals, and spectrum of disease, including its potential as a human teratogen. Here, we present what is known of CVV's virology, ecology, and clinical disease in ruminants and humans. We discuss the current diagnostic techniques available and highlight gaps in our current knowledge and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joan L Kenney
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amanda E Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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3
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Hernandez-Valencia JC, Muñoz-Laiton P, Gómez GF, Correa MM. A Systematic Review on the Viruses of Anopheles Mosquitoes: The Potential Importance for Public Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:459. [PMID: 37888587 PMCID: PMC10610971 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of Plasmodium, the etiological agent of malaria. In addition, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae are the main vectors of the O'nyong-nyong virus. However, research on the viruses carried by Anopheles is scarce; thus, the possible transmission of viruses by Anopheles is still unexplored. This systematic review was carried out to identify studies that report viruses in natural populations of Anopheles or virus infection and transmission in laboratory-reared mosquitoes. The databases reviewed were EBSCO-Host, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed. After the identification and screening of candidate articles, a total of 203 original studies were included that reported on a variety of viruses detected in Anopheles natural populations. In total, 161 viruses in 54 species from 41 countries worldwide were registered. In laboratory studies, 28 viruses in 15 Anopheles species were evaluated for mosquito viral transmission capacity or viral infection. The viruses reported in Anopheles encompassed 25 viral families and included arboviruses, probable arboviruses and Insect-Specific Viruses (ISVs). Insights after performing this review include the need for (1) a better understanding of Anopheles-viral interactions, (2) characterizing the Anopheles virome-considering the public health importance of the viruses potentially transmitted by Anopheles and the significance of finding viruses with biological control activity-and (3) performing virological surveillance in natural populations of Anopheles, especially in the current context of environmental modifications that may potentiate the expansion of the Anopheles species distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Hernandez-Valencia
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.C.H.-V.); (P.M.-L.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Paola Muñoz-Laiton
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.C.H.-V.); (P.M.-L.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Giovan F. Gómez
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.C.H.-V.); (P.M.-L.); (G.F.G.)
- Dirección Académica, Escuela de Pregrados, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, La Paz 202017, Colombia
| | - Margarita M. Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.C.H.-V.); (P.M.-L.); (G.F.G.)
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4
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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Menzies P, Ludwig A, Mubareka S, Clow KM. Cache a Killer: Cache Valley virus seropositivity and associated farm management risk factors in sheep in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290443. [PMID: 37616323 PMCID: PMC10449202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) disease is a mosquito-borne zoonosis endemic to North America. CVV disease is reported most often in sheep, causing lethal congenital deformities. There are limited data on CVV in Ontario, which is the largest sheep producing province in Canada. This study aimed to determine CVV seroprevalence in Ontario sheep flocks and investigate farm management factors associated with CVV exposure. A cross-sectional study was performed including 364 mature ewes across 18 farms selected from the five largest sheep districts in the province. A questionnaire was administered at each farm to determine farm management practices pertinent to the flock and ewes specifically sampled. Mixed multivariable logistic regression with a random effect for farm was conducted to assess associations between CVV seropositivity (outcome variable) and farm management risk factors (predictor variables). CVV seroprevalence was 33.2% in individual ewes (95% CI: 28.4%-38.1%) as determined by a virus neutralization assay with a titre > 4. Sixteen of the eighteen flocks (88.9%) had at least one CVV seropositive ewe. Increased age, smaller flock size, and sheep housing near wetlands, lakes, or ponds were found to be significantly associated with higher odds of CVV seropositivity. These findings are valuable in guiding breeding practices and housing during mosquito season to minimize infection and, ultimately, CVV disease in the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Ng
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M. Clow
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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McMillan JR, Chaves LF, Armstrong PM. Ecological predictors of mosquito population and arbovirus transmission synchrony estimates. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:564-574. [PMID: 36964697 PMCID: PMC10179454 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying synchrony in species population fluctuations and determining its driving factors can inform multiple aspects of ecological and epidemiological research and policy decisions. We examined seasonal mosquito and arbovirus surveillance data collected in Connecticut, United States from 2001 to 2020 to quantify spatial relationships in 19 mosquito species and 7 arboviruses timeseries accounting for environmental factors such as climate and land cover characteristics. We determined that mosquito collections, on average, were significantly correlated up to 10 km though highly variable among the examined species. Few arboviruses displayed any synchrony and significant maximum correlated distances never exceeded 5 km. After accounting for distance, mixed effects models showed that mosquito or arbovirus identity explained more variance in synchrony estimates than climate or land cover factors. Correlated mosquito collections up to 10-20 km suggest that mosquito control operations for nuisance and disease vectors alike must expand treatment zones to regional scales for operations to have population-level impacts. Species identity matters as well, and some mosquito species will require much larger treatment zones than others. The much shorter correlated detection distances for arboviruses reinforce the notion that focal-level processes drive vector-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and risk of spillover into human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McMillan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Philip M Armstrong
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Brennan B, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Replication Kinetics of a Candidate Live-Attenuated Vaccine for Cache Valley Virus in Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:553-558. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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7
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Clarke LL, Mead DG, Ruder MG, Howerth EW, Stallknecht D. North American Arboviruses and White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus): Associated Diseases and Role in Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:425-442. [PMID: 35867036 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arboviral disease is of increasing concern to human and animal health professionals as emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are more frequently recognized. Wildlife species are known to play a role in the transmission and maintenance of arboviruses and infections can result in morbidity and mortality in wildlife hosts. Materials and Methods: In this review, we detail existing evidence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as an important host to a diverse collection of arboviruses and evaluate the utility of this species as a resource to better understand the epidemiology of related viral diseases. Results: Relevant veterinary and zoonotic viral pathogens endemic to North America include epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, bluetongue virus, orthobunyaviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Powassan virus. Exotic viral pathogens that may infect white-tailed deer are also identified with an emphasis on zoonotic disease risks. The utility of this species is attributed to the high degree of contact with humans and domestic livestock and evidence of preferential feeding by various insect vectors. Conclusions: There is mounting evidence that white-tailed deer are a useful, widely available source of information regarding arboviral circulation, and that surveillance and monitoring of deer populations would be of value to the understanding of certain viral transmission dynamics, with implications for improving human and domestic animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L Clarke
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Dieme C, Maffei JG, Diarra M, Koetzner CA, Kuo L, Ngo KA, Dupuis AP, Zink SD, Bryon Backenson P, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Aedes albopictus and Cache Valley virus: a new threat for virus transmission in New York State. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:741-748. [PMID: 35179429 PMCID: PMC8903793 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2044733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report surveillance results of Cache Valley virus (CVV; Peribunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) from 2017 to 2020 in New York State (NYS). Infection rates were calculated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method by year, region, and mosquito species. The highest infection rates were identified among Anopheles spp. mosquitoes and we detected the virus in Aedes albopictus for the first time in NYS. Based on our previous Anopheles quadrimaculatus vector competence results for nine CVV strains, we selected among them three stains for further characterization. These include two CVV reassortants (PA and 15041084) and one CVV lineage 2 strain (Hu-2011). We analyzed full genomes, compared in vitro growth kinetics and assessed vector competence of Aedes albopictus. Sequence analysis of the two reassortant strains (PA and 15041084) revealed 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.3% divergence; and 1, 10, and 6 amino acid differences for the S, M, and L segments, respectively. We additionally found that the PA strain was attenuated in vertebrate (Vero) and mosquito (C6/36) cell culture. Furthemore, Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are competent vectors for CVV Hu-2011 (16.7–62.1% transmission rates) and CVV 15041084 (27.3–48.0% transmission rates), but not for the human reassortant (PA) isolate, which did not disseminate from the mosquito midgut. Together, our results demonstrate significant phenotypic variability among strains and highlight the capacity for Ae. albopictus to act as a vector of CVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Joseph G Maffei
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Maryam Diarra
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (M. Diarra)
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Kiet A Ngo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Alan P Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Steven D Zink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - P Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York (P.B. Backenson)
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA (L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA (C. Dieme, J.G. Maffei, C.A Koetzner, L. Kuo, K.A. Ngo, A.P. Dupuis II, S.D. Zink, L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA (L.D. Kramer, and A.T. Ciota)
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Dieme C, Ngo KA, Tyler S, Maffei JG, Zink SD, Dupuis AP, Koetzner CA, Shultis C, Stout J, Payne AF, Backenson PB, Kuo L, Drebot MA, Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:303-313. [PMID: 35075998 PMCID: PMC8798675 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.203810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquitoborne virus that infects livestock and humans. We report results of surveillance for CVV in New York, USA, during 2000–2016; full-genome analysis of selected CVV isolates from sheep, horse, humans, and mosquitoes from New York and Canada; and phenotypic characterization of selected strains. We calculated infection rates by using the maximum-likelihood estimation method by year, region, month, and mosquito species. The highest maximum-likelihood estimations were for Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis identified 2 lineages and found evidence of segment reassortment. Furthermore, our data suggest displacement of CVV lineage 1 by lineage 2 in New York and Canada. Finally, we showed increased vector competence of An. quadrimaculatus mosquitoes for lineage 2 strains of CVV compared with lineage 1 strains.
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Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Garza-Hernandez JA, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, Beristain-Ruiz DM, Barajas-López IN, González-Peña R, Baylon-Jaquez D, Camacho-Perea A, Vega-Durán A, Rubio-Tabares E, Rivera-Barreno R, Montelongo-Ponce C, Tangudu CS, Blitvich BJ. Detection of Antibodies to Lokern, Main Drain, St. Louis Encephalitis, and West Nile Viruses in Vertebrate Animals in Chihuahua, Guerrero, and Michoacán, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:884-891. [PMID: 34652234 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted serologic surveillance for flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in vertebrate animals in Mexico in 2018-2019. Sera were collected from 856 vertebrate animals, including 323 dogs, 223 horses, and 121 cows, from 16 species. The animals were from 3 states: Chihuahua in northwest Mexico (704 animals) and Guerrero and Michoacán on the Pacific Coast (27 and 125 animals, respectively). Sera were assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test using four flaviviruses (dengue type 2, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile, and Zika viruses) and six orthobunyaviruses from the Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup (Cache Valley, Lokern, Main Drain, Northway, Potosi, and Tensaw viruses). Antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) were detected in 154 animals of 9 species, including 89 (39.9%) horses, 3 (21.4%) Indian peafowl, and 41 (12.7%) dogs. Antibodies to St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) were detected in seven animals, including three (0.9%) dogs. Antibodies to Lokern virus (LOKV) were detected in 22 animals: 19 (8.5%) horses, 2 (1.7%) cows, and a dog (0.3%). Antibodies to Main Drain virus (MDV) were detected in three (1.3%) horses. WNV and LOKV activity was detected in all three states, SLEV activity was detected in Chihuahua and Michoacán, and MDV activity was detected in Chihuahua. None of the animals was seropositive for Cache Valley virus, the most common and widely distributed BUN serogroup virus in North America. In conclusion, we provide serologic evidence that select flaviviruses and BUN serogroup viruses infect vertebrate animals in Chihuahua, Guerrero, and Michoacán. We also provide the first evidence of LOKV and MDV activity in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier A Garza-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Carlos A Rodríguez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | | | - Diana M Beristain-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | | | | | - David Baylon-Jaquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Adriana Camacho-Perea
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México
| | - Alfonso Vega-Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ezequiel Rubio-Tabares
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ramón Rivera-Barreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Carolina Montelongo-Ponce
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Glud HA, George S, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses between humans and pigs. APMIS 2021; 129:675-693. [PMID: 34586648 PMCID: PMC9297979 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and pigs share a close contact relationship, similar biological traits, and one of the highest estimated number of viruses compared to other mammalian species. The contribution and directionality of viral exchange between humans and pigs remain unclear for some of these viruses, but their transmission routes are important to characterize in order to prevent outbreaks of disease in both host species. This review collects and assesses the evidence to determine the likely transmission route of 27 viruses between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aagaard Glud
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie George
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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López K, Wilson SN, Coutermash-Ott S, Tanelus M, Stone WB, Porier DL, Auguste DI, Muller JA, Allicock OM, Paulson SL, Erasmus JH, Auguste AJ. Novel murine models for studying Cache Valley virus pathogenesis and in utero transmission. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1649-1659. [PMID: 34353229 PMCID: PMC8381923 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1965497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a prevalent emerging pathogen of significant importance to agricultural and human health in North America. Emergence in livestock can result in substantial agroeconomic losses resulting from the severe embryonic lethality associated with infection during pregnancy. Although CVV pathogenesis has been well described in ruminants, small animal models are still unavailable, which limits our ability to study its pathogenesis and perform preclinical testing of therapeutics. Herein, we explored CVV pathogenesis, tissue tropism, and disease outcomes in a variety of murine models, including immune -competent and -compromised animals. Our results show that development of CVV disease in mice is dependent on innate immune responses, and type I interferon signalling is essential for preventing infection in mice. IFN-αβR-/- mice infected with CVV present with significant disease and lethal infections, with minimal differences in age-dependent pathogenesis, suggesting this model is appropriate for pathogenesis-related, and short- and long-term therapeutic studies. We also developed a novel CVV in utero transmission model that showed high rates of transmission, spontaneous abortions, and congenital malformations during infection. CVV infection presents a wide tissue tropism, with significant amplification in liver, spleen, and placenta tissues. Immune-competent mice are generally resistant to infection, and only show disease in an age dependent manner. Given the high seropositivity rates in regions of North America, and the continuing geographic expansion of competent mosquito vectors, the risk of epidemic and epizootic emergence of CVV is high, and interventions are needed for this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah N Wilson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermash-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Manette Tanelus
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William B Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Dawn I Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John A Muller
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sally L Paulson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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13
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Mechai S, Bilodeau G, Lung O, Roy M, Steeves R, Gagne N, Baird D, Lapen DR, Ludwig A, Ogden NH. Mosquito Identification From Bulk Samples Using DNA Metabarcoding: a Protocol to Support Mosquito-Borne Disease Surveillance in Canada. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1686-1700. [PMID: 33822118 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 80 species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been documented in Canada. Exotic species such as Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) are becoming established. Recently occurring endemic mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) in Canada including West-Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) are having significant public health impacts. Here we explore the use of DNA metabarcoding to identify mosquitoes from CDC light-trap collections from two locations in eastern Canada. Two primer pairs (BF2-BR2 and F230) were used to amplify regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene. High throughput sequencing was conducted using an Illumina MiSeq platform and GenBank-based species identification was applied using a QIIME 1.9 bioinformatics pipeline. From a site in southeastern Ontario, Canada, 26 CDC light trap collections of 72 to >300 individual mosquitoes were used to explore the capacity of DNA metabarcoding to identify and quantify captured mosquitoes. The DNA metabarcoding method identified 33 species overall while 24 species were identified by key. Using replicates from each trap, the dried biomass needed to identify the majority of species was determined to be 76 mg (equivalent to approximately 72 mosquitoes), and at least two replicates from the dried biomass would be needed to reliably detect the majority of species in collections of 144-215 mosquitoes and three replicates would be advised for collections with >215 mosquitoes. This study supports the use of DNA metabarcoding as a mosquito surveillance tool in Canada which can help identify the emergence of new mosquito-borne disease potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mechai
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - G Bilodeau
- Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M Roy
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - R Steeves
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - N Gagne
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - D Baird
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - D R Lapen
- Ottawa Research Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Ludwig
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - N H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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14
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Petruff TA, McMillan JR, Shepard JJ, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM. Increased mosquito abundance and species richness in Connecticut, United States 2001-2019. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19287. [PMID: 33159108 PMCID: PMC7648108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical declines in multiple insect taxa have been documented across the globe in relation to landscape-level changes in land use and climate. However, declines have either not been universally observed in all regions or examined for all species. Because mosquitoes are insects of public health importance, we analyzed a longitudinal mosquito surveillance data set from Connecticut (CT), United States (U.S.) from 2001 to 2019 to identify changes in mosquito community composition over time. We first analyzed annual site-level collections and metrics of mosquito community composition with generalized linear/additive mixed effects models; we also examined annual species-level collections using the same tools. We then examined correlations between statewide collections and weather variables as well as site-level collections and land cover classifications. We found evidence that the average trap night collection of mosquitoes has increased by ~ 60% and statewide species richness has increased by ~ 10% since 2001. Total species richness was highest in the southern portion of CT, likely due to the northward range expansion of multiple species within the Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Psorophora genera. How the expansion of mosquito populations in the northeast U.S. will alter mosquito-borne pathogen transmission in the region will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Petruff
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Joseph R McMillan
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - John J Shepard
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Theodore G Andreadis
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Philip M Armstrong
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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15
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Chan KK, Auguste AJ, Brewster CC, Paulson SL. Vector competence of Virginia mosquitoes for Zika and Cache Valley viruses. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:188. [PMID: 32276649 PMCID: PMC7147054 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne diseases are a major public health concern and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Zika virus (ZIKV) is the etiologic agent of a massive outbreak in the Americas that originated in Brazil in 2015 and shows a strong association with congenital ZIKV syndrome in newborns. Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a bunyavirus that causes mild to severe illness in humans and ruminants. In this study, we investigated the vector competence of Virginia mosquitoes for ZIKV and CVV to explore their abilities to contribute to potential outbreaks. Methods To determine vector competence, mosquitoes were fed a blood meal comprised of defibrinated sheep blood and virus. The presence of midgut or salivary gland barriers to ZIKV infection were determined by intrathoracic inoculation vs oral infection. After 14-days post-exposure, individual mosquitoes were separated into bodies, legs and wings, and saliva expectorant. Virus presence was detected by plaque assay to determine midgut infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Results Transmission rates for Ae. albopictus orally infected (24%) and intrathoracically inoculated (63%) with ZIKV was similar to Ae. aegypti (48% and 71%, respectively). Transmission rates of ZIKV in Ae. japonicus were low, and showed evidence of a midgut infection barrier demonstrated by low midgut infection and dissemination rates from oral infection (3%), but increased transmission rates after intrathoracic inoculation (19%). Aedes triseriatus was unable to transmit ZIKV following oral infection or intrathoracic inoculation. CVV transmission was dose-dependent where mosquitoes fed high titer (ht) virus blood meals developed higher rates of midgut infection, dissemination, and transmission compared to low titer (lt) virus blood meals. CVV was detected in the saliva of Ae. albopictus (ht: 68%, lt: 24%), Ae. triseriatus (ht: 52%, lt: 7%), Ae. japonicus (ht: 22%, lt: 0%) and Ae. aegypti (ht: 10%; lt: 7%). Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans were not competent for ZIKV or CVV. Conclusions This laboratory transmission study provided further understanding of potential ZIKV and CVV transmission cycles with Aedes mosquitoes from Virginia. The ability for these mosquitoes to transmit ZIKV and CVV make them a public health concern and suggest targeted control programs by mosquito and vector abatement districts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Chan
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Carlyle C Brewster
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sally L Paulson
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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16
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Eastwood G, Donnellycolt AK, Shepard JJ, Misencik MJ, Bedoukian R, Cole L, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Evaluation of Novel Trapping Lures for Monitoring Exotic and Native Container-Inhabiting Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:534-541. [PMID: 31875224 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance for diurnal container-inhabiting mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), and Aedes triseriatus (Say) have routinely relied on the deployment of multiple trap types, including CO2-baited light traps, gravid traps, oviposition traps, and BG-Sentinel. These trap configurations have met with varying degrees of effectiveness and in many instances likely under-sample these key mosquito vectors. Most recently, the BG-Sentinel trap used in conjunction with the human-scent lure has been largely accepted as the gold-standard for monitoring Ae. albopictus. However, its ability to attract other container-inhabiting Aedes species has not been fully evaluated. During 2018, we tested new scent lures, TrapTech Lure-A and Lure-H (Bedoukian Research, Inc.), using BG-Sentinel traps with CO2 in two regions of Connecticut, Stamford and Hamden, against the BG-Lure. Pooled mosquitoes were additionally screened for arbovirus infection. A total of 47,734 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 32 species were captured during the study, with the Stamford site deriving on average three times as many mosquitoes per trap, adjusting for sampling effort. Lure-A and Lure-H outperformed the BG-Lure in terms of total numbers, diversity evenness, and the proportion of both Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. triseriatus. There were no significant differences among lures in capturing Ae. albopictus, and in terms of species richness. Fifty-seven isolates of virus (West Nile, Jamestown Canyon, and La Crosse viruses) were obtained during the study, with no significant difference between trap-lure. We highlight both novel lures as effective attractants for use in mosquito surveillance=, which either outperform, or equal, BG-Lure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Eastwood
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - Andrew K Donnellycolt
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - John J Shepard
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Misencik
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Philip M Armstrong
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
| | - Theodore G Andreadis
- Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
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17
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McMillan JR, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG. Patterns of mosquito and arbovirus community composition and ecological indexes of arboviral risk in the northeast United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008066. [PMID: 32092063 PMCID: PMC7058363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the northeast United States (U.S.), mosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses, including eastern equine encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, and West Nile that pose an annual threat to human and animal health. Local transmission of each arbovirus may be driven by the involvement of multiple mosquito species; however, the specificity of these vector-virus associations has not been fully quantified. METHODOLOGY We used long-term surveillance data consistently collected over 18 years to evaluate mosquito and arbovirus community composition in the State of Connecticut (CT) based on land cover classifications and mosquito species-specific natural histories using community ecology approaches available in the R package VEGAN. We then used binomial-error generalized linear mixed effects models to quantify species-specific trends in arbovirus detections. PRIMARY RESULTS The composition of mosquito communities throughout CT varied more among sites than among years, with variation in mosquito community composition among sites explained mostly by a forested-to-developed-land-cover gradient. Arboviral communities varied equally among sites and years, and only developed and forested wetland land cover classifications were associated with the composition of arbovirus detections among sites. Overall, the avian host arboviruses, mainly West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis, displayed the most specific associations among mosquito species and sites, while in contrast, the mammalian host arboviruses (including Cache Valley, Jamestown Canyon, and Potosi) associated with a more diverse mix of mosquito species and were widely distributed throughout CT. CONCLUSIONS We find that avian arboviruses act as vector specialists infecting a few key mosquito species that associate with discrete habitats, while mammalian arboviruses are largely vector generalists infecting a wide diversity of mosquito species and habitats in the region. These distinctions have important implications for the design and implementation of mosquito and arbovirus surveillance programs as well as mosquito control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. McMillan
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Armstrong
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Theodore G. Andreadis
- Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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18
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Waddell L, Pachal N, Mascarenhas M, Greig J, Harding S, Young I, Wilhelm B. Cache Valley virus: A scoping review of the global evidence. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:739-758. [PMID: 31254324 PMCID: PMC6851749 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus detected throughout North America, Central America and parts of South America. A limited number of human case reports have described severe illness. CVV infection has been associated with outbreaks of congenital defects in small ruminants in Canada and the United States. A scoping review was conducted to identify, characterize and summarize research on CVV, and to identify research gaps. A structured search was conducted in eight electronic databases, with additional search verification and grey literature investigation. All captured studies were independently appraised by two reviewers for relevance and data characterization. The review captured 143 relevant studies investigating CVV epidemiology (n = 104), pathogenesis (n = 37), viral characteristics (n = 24), transmission (n = 14), diagnostic test performance (n = 8) and mitigation strategies (n = 2). Evidence of CVV infection was found in mosquito studies (n = 47), and serological evidence of exposure was demonstrated in animals (n = 41), as well as human (n = 20) studies. In sheep, five outbreaks of birth defects following asymptomatic dam CVV infection during the first 50 days of pregnancy were reported. Only six human cases of CVV-associated illness were captured, with case symptoms described as initially non-specific, progressing to more severe clinical signs (e.g., meningitis). No research was identified investigating treatment, societal knowledge and risk perception, economic burden or predictive models related to the impact of climate change on CVV. CVV circulates in mosquito and animal species across a large area of the Americas. Small ruminants are the only animals in which CVV-associated clinical disease has been extensively studied. It is likely that human cases are under-reported or misdiagnosed. Future research should focus on the impact of CVV infection in human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Waddell
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Nicole Pachal
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Mariola Mascarenhas
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Judy Greig
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Shannon Harding
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public HealthRyerson UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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19
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Hyde J, Gorham C, Brackney DE, Steven B. Antibiotic resistant bacteria and commensal fungi are common and conserved in the mosquito microbiome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218907. [PMID: 31412044 PMCID: PMC6693846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging and increasing prevalence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a significant public health challenge. To begin to tackle this problem, it will be critical to not only understand the origins of this resistance but also document environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. In this study we investigated the possibility that both colony and field caught mosquitoes could harbor antibiotic resistant bacteria. Specifically, we characterized the antibiotic resistant bacterial populations from colony-reared Aedes aegypti larvae and adults and two field caught mosquito species Coquillettidia perturbans and Ochlerotatus canadensis. The cultured bacterial populations were dominated by isolates belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria. Among the antibiotic resistant populations, we found bacteria resistant to carbenicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline, including bacteria resistant to a cocktail of all three antibiotics in combination. The antibiotic resistant bacteria were numerically rare, at most 5% of total cell counts. Isolates were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and clustering into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs; 99% sequence identity). 27 antibiotic resistant OTUs were identified, although members of an OTU did not always share the same resistance profile. This suggests the clustering was either not sensitive enough to distinguish different bacteria taxa or different antibiotic resistant sub-populations exist within an OTU. Finally, the antibiotic selection opened up a niche to culture mosquito-associated fungi, and 10 fungal OTUs (28S rRNA gene sequencing) were identified. Two fungal OTUs both classified to the class Microbotryomycetes were commonly identified in the field-caught mosquitoes. Thus, in this study we demonstrate that antibiotic resistant bacteria and certain fungi are common and conserved mosquito microbiome members. These observations highlight the potential of invertebrates to serve as vehicles for the spread of antibiotic resistance throughout the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Courtney Gorham
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Lyons AC, Park SL, Dunlop JI, Unlu I, Kohl A, Higgs S, Blitvich BJ, Vanlandingham DL. Infection and transmission of Cache Valley virus by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:384. [PMID: 31366369 PMCID: PMC6670168 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cache Valley virus (CVV; Bunyavirales, Peribunyaviridae) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus endemic in North America. Although severe diseases are mainly observed in pregnant ruminants, CVV has also been recognized as a zoonotic pathogen that can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Human exposures to CVV and its related subtypes occur frequently under different ecological conditions in the New World; however, neurotropic disease is rarely reported. High prevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies have been detected among residents in several Latin American cities. However, zoophilic mosquito species involved in the enzootic transmission are unlikely to be responsible for the transmission leading to human exposures to CVV. Mechanisms that lead to frequent human exposures to CVV remain largely unknown. In this study, competence of two anthropophilic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti, for CVV was determined using per os infection to determine if these species could play a role in the transmission of CVV in the domestic and peridomestic settings of urban and suburban areas. Results Aedes albopictus were highly susceptible to CVV whereas infection of Ae. aegypti occurred at a significantly lower frequency. Whilst the dissemination rates of CVV were comparable in the two species, the relatively long period to attain maximal infectious titer in Ae. aegypti demonstrated a significant difference in the replication kinetics of CVV in these species. Detection of viral RNA in saliva suggests that both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti are competent vectors for CVV under laboratory conditions. Conclusions Differential susceptibility to CVV was observed in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, reflecting their relatively different capacities for vectoring CVV in nature. The high susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to CVV observed in this study suggests its potential role as an efficient vector for CVV. Complemented by the reports of multiple CVV isolates derived from Ae. albopictus, our finding provides the basis for how the dispersal of Ae. albopictus across the New World may have a significant impact on the transmission and ecology of CVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Amy C Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James I Dunlop
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Isik Unlu
- Broward County Mosquito Control, Pembroke Pines, FL, 33023, USA.,Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Alain Kohl
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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21
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Yang F, Chan K, Marek PE, Armstrong PM, Liu P, Bova JE, Bernick JN, McMillan BE, Weidlich BG, Paulson SL. Cache Valley Virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus Mosquitoes, Appalachian Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:553-557. [PMID: 29460762 PMCID: PMC5823325 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Cache Valley virus in Aedes japonicus, a widely distributed invasive mosquito species, in an Appalachian forest in the United States. The forest contained abundant white-tailed deer, a major host of the mosquito and virus. Vector competence trials indicated that Ae. j. japonicus mosquitoes can transmit this virus in this region.
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22
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Dussault C, Nelder MP, Russell C, Johnson S, Vrbova L. Evaluating the impact of Aedes japonicus invasion on the mosquito community in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region (Ontario, Canada). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208911. [PMID: 30543700 PMCID: PMC6292619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes japonicus was first documented in Ontario, Canada, in 2001. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Ae. japonicus establishment on the abundance of other mosquitoes in the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH) region of Ontario. Methods Adult mosquito data from the Ontario West Nile virus surveillance program were used. Descriptive analyses, linear trends and distribution maps of average trap count per month for six mosquito species of interest were produced. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were constructed to 1) test whether the invasion of Ae. japonicus affected the abundance of other mosquitoes by comparing the time period before Ae. japonicus was identified in an area (pre-detection), to after it was first identified (detection), and subsequently (establishment), and 2) identify the variables that explain the abundance of the various mosquito species. Results The monthly seasonal average (May–October) of Ae. japonicus per trap night increased from 2002 to 2016, peaking in September, when the average of most other mosquitoes decrease. There were increased numbers of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.40, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02–1.94) and decreased numbers of Coquillettidia perturbans (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26–0.73) in the detection period, compared to the pre-detection period. Additionally, there was a decrease in Cx. pipiens/restuans (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–0.99) and Cq. perturbans (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.94) in the establishment period, compared to the pre-detection period. None of the most parsimonious explanatory models included the period of the establishment of Ae. japonicus. Conclusions There is no evidence that the introduction of Ae. japonicus significantly reduced populations of Ae. triseriatus/hendersoni, Cx. pipiens/restuans or An. punctipennis in the GGH. While further research is needed to understand the impact of the Ae. japonicus invasion on other mosquito species, our work indicates that, on a regional scale, little impact has been noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dussault
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark P. Nelder
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Curtis Russell
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Johnson
- Analytic Services, Informatics; Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Vrbova
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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Dunlop JI, Szemiel AM, Navarro A, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Modha S, Mair D, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filipe A, Li P, Huang YJS, Brennan B, Hughes J, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Elliott RM, Kohl A. Development of reverse genetics systems and investigation of host response antagonism and reassortment potential for Cache Valley and Kairi viruses, two emerging orthobunyaviruses of the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006884. [PMID: 30372452 PMCID: PMC6245839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses such as Cache Valley virus (CVV) and Kairi virus (KRIV) are important animal pathogens. Periodic outbreaks of CVV have resulted in the significant loss of lambs on North American farms, whilst KRIV has mainly been detected in South and Central America with little overlap in geographical range. Vaccines or treatments for these viruses are unavailable. One approach to develop novel vaccine candidates is based on the use of reverse genetics to produce attenuated viruses that elicit immune responses but cannot revert to full virulence. The full genomes of both viruses were sequenced to obtain up to date genome sequence information. Following sequencing, minigenome systems and reverse genetics systems for both CVV and KRIV were developed. Both CVV and KRIV showed a wide in vitro cell host range, with BHK-21 cells a suitable host cell line for virus propagation and titration. To develop attenuated viruses, the open reading frames of the NSs proteins were disrupted. The recombinant viruses with no NSs protein expression induced the production of type I interferon (IFN), indicating that for both viruses NSs functions as an IFN antagonist and that such attenuated viruses could form the basis for attenuated viral vaccines. To assess the potential for reassortment between CVV and KRIV, which could be relevant during vaccination campaigns in areas of overlap, we attempted to produce M segment reassortants by reverse genetics. We were unable to obtain such viruses, suggesting that it is an unlikely event.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka M. Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Navarro
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vattipally B. Sreenu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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24
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Lyons AC, Park SL, Higgs S, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Alto BW, Unlu I, Blitvich BJ, Vanlandingham DL. Culex tarsalis is a competent vector species for Cache Valley virus. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:519. [PMID: 30236148 PMCID: PMC6149065 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus endemic in North America. The virus is an important agricultural pathogen leading to abortion and embryonic lethality in ruminant species, especially sheep. The importance of CVV in human public health has recently increased because of the report of severe neurotropic diseases. However, mosquito species responsible for transmission of the virus to humans remain to be determined. In this study, vector competence of three Culex species mosquitoes of public health importance, Culex pipiens, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus, was determined in order to identify potential bridge vector species responsible for the transmission of CVV from viremic vertebrate hosts to humans. RESULTS Variation of susceptibility to CVV was observed among selected Culex species mosquitoes tested in this study. Per os infection resulted in the establishment of infection and dissemination in Culex tarsalis, whereas Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus were highly refractory to CVV. Detection of viral RNA in saliva collected from infected Cx. tarsalis provided evidence supporting its role as a competent vector. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided further understanding of the transmission cycles of CVV and identifies Cx. tarsalis as a competent vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Amy C Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James I Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Isik Unlu
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, West Trenton, NJ, 08628, USA.,Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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25
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Uehlinger FD, Wilkins W, Godson DL, Drebot MA. Seroprevalence of Cache Valley virus and related viruses in sheep and other livestock from Saskatchewan, Canada. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:413-418. [PMID: 29606729 PMCID: PMC5855288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus, an orthobunyavirus, is an important cause of ovine neonatal malformations. Information on the seroprevalence of this virus in Saskatchewan livestock populations is lacking. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Cache Valley virus and closely related viruses in sheep, cattle, goats, horses, and mule deer in Saskatchewan by performing a plaque-reduction neutralization test using Cache Valley virus. In total, sera from 130 sheep from 50 flocks were tested. Seroprevalence in sheep was 64.6% (84/130) and 94.0% (47/50) of flocks had 1 or more seropositive sheep. Antibodies to Cache Valley virus or closely related viruses were also detected in serum samples collected from cattle, goats, horses, and mule deer with seroprevalences of 20.0% (5/25), 33.3% (8/24), 69.0% (40/58), and 50.8% (33/65), respectively. These results suggest widespread exposure to Cache Valley virus or closely related viruses in domestic animals and mule deer in Saskatchewan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne D Uehlinger
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan (Uehlinger); Government of Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Branch, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 (Wilkins); Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Godson); Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Disease Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1050 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2 (Drebot)
| | - Wendy Wilkins
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan (Uehlinger); Government of Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Branch, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 (Wilkins); Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Godson); Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Disease Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1050 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2 (Drebot)
| | - Dale L Godson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan (Uehlinger); Government of Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Branch, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 (Wilkins); Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Godson); Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Disease Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1050 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2 (Drebot)
| | - Michael A Drebot
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan (Uehlinger); Government of Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Branch, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 (Wilkins); Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Godson); Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Disease Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1050 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2 (Drebot)
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26
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Anderson JF, Armstrong PM, Misencik MJ, Bransfield AB, Andreadis TG, Molaei G. Seasonal Distribution, Blood-Feeding Habits, and Viruses of Mosquitoes in an Open-Faced Quarry in Connecticut, 2010 and 2011. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2018; 34:1-10. [PMID: 31442119 DOI: 10.2987/17-6707.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal abundance of mosquitoes, their viruses, and blood-feeding habits were determined at an open-faced quarry in North Branford, CT, in 2010 and 2011. This unique habitat had not previously been sampled for mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses. Thirty species of mosquitoes were identified from 41,719 specimens collected. Coquillettidia perturbans, Aedes trivittatus, and Ae. vexans were the most abundant species and represented 34.5%, 17.7%, and 14.8% of the totals, respectively. Jamestown Canyon virus was isolated from 6 species of mosquitoes collected from mid-June through July: Cq. perturbans (3 pools), Ae. cantator (3), Ae. trivittatus (2), Ae. aurifer (1), Ae. excrucians (1), and Culex pipiens (1). West Nile virus was cultured from 8 pools of Cx. pipiens and from 1 pool of Culiseta melanura collected from mid-August through late September. Cache Valley virus was isolated from 4 species of mosquitoes in 3 genera from about mid-August through late September 2011: Cq. perturbans (5 pools), Ae. trivittatus (2), Anopheles punctipennis (1), and An. quadrimaculatus (1). Nine different mammalian hosts were identified as sources of blood for 13 species of mosquitoes. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, were the most common mammalian hosts (90.8%), followed by raccoon, Procyon lotor (3.1%), coyote, Canis latrans (2.4%), and human, Homo sapiens (1.2%). Exclusive mammalian blood-feeding mosquitoes included: Ae. canadensis, Ae. cantator, Ae. excrucians, Ae. japonicus, Ae. vexans, An. punctipennis, and Cx. salinarius. Fourteen species of birds, mostly Passeriformes, were identified as sources of blood from 6 mosquito species. Five species that fed on mammals (Ae. thibaulti, Ae. trivittatus, Ae. cinereus, Cq. perturbans, and Cx. pipiens) also fed on birds.
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27
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Noronha LE, Wilson WC. Comparison of two zoonotic viruses from the order Bunyavirales. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:36-41. [PMID: 29128744 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of two geographicallly distinct viruses in the order Bunyavirales that are zoonotic and known to cause congenital abnormalities in ruminant livestock was performed. One of these viruses, Cache Valley fever virus, is found in the Americas and is primarily associated with disease in sheep. The other, Rift Valley fever virus, is found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with disease in camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Neither virus has been associated with teratogenicity in humans to date. These two viruses are briefly reviewed and potential for genetic changes especially if introduced into new ecology that could affect pathogenicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela E Noronha
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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28
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Wilson MR, Suan D, Duggins A, Schubert RD, Khan LM, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Rodrigues Hoffman A, Blick A, Shingde M, DeRisi JL. A novel cause of chronic viral meningoencephalitis: Cache Valley virus. Ann Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28628941 PMCID: PMC5546801 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Immunodeficient patients are particularly vulnerable to neuroinvasive infections that can be challenging to diagnose. Metagenomic next generation sequencing can identify unusual or novel microbes and is therefore well suited for investigating the etiology of chronic meningoencephalitis in immunodeficient patients. Methods We present the case of a 34‐year‐old man with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia from Australia suffering from 3 years of meningoencephalitis that defied an etiologic diagnosis despite extensive conventional testing, including a brain biopsy. Metagenomic next generation sequencing of his cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy tissue was performed to identify a causative pathogen. Results Sequences aligning to multiple Cache Valley virus genes were identified via metagenomic next generation sequencing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry subsequently confirmed the presence of Cache Valley virus in the brain biopsy tissue. Interpretation Cache Valley virus, a mosquito‐borne orthobunyavirus, has only been identified in 3 immunocompetent North American patients with acute neuroinvasive disease. The reported severity ranges from a self‐limiting meningitis to a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis with multiorgan failure. The virus has never been known to cause a chronic systemic or neurologic infection in humans. Cache Valley virus has also never previously been detected on the Australian continent. Our research subject traveled to North and South Carolina and Michigan in the weeks prior to the onset of his illness. This report demonstrates that metagenomic next generation sequencing allows for unbiased pathogen identification, the early detection of emerging viruses as they spread to new locales, and the discovery of novel disease phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2017;82:105–114
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dan Suan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Duggins
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D Schubert
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lillian M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Anna Blick
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Meena Shingde
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
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29
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Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Shepard JJ, Thomas MC. Northern range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus): Analysis of mosquito data from Connecticut, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005623. [PMID: 28545111 PMCID: PMC5451134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an invasive species and important arbovirus vector that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1980's where it continues to expand its range. Winter temperature is an important constraint to its northward expansion, with potential range limits located between the 0° and -5°C mean cold month isotherm. Connecticut is located within this climatic zone and therefore, Ae. albopictus was monitored statewide to assess its northern range expansion and to delineate where populations can stably persist. Methodology/Principal findings Ae. albopictus females were monitored at fixed trapping sites throughout Connecticut from June-October over a 20-year period, 1997–2016. In addition, Ae. albopictus larvae and pupae were collected from tire habitats and tires were retrieved from the field in the spring and flooded to evaluate overwintering success of hatching larvae. Ae. albopictus was first detected during statewide surveillance when a single adult female was collected in 2006. This species was not collected again until 2010 and was subsequently detected each successive year with increasing abundance and distribution except following the unusually cold winters of 2014 and 2015. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were most abundant in urban and suburban locations along the southwestern shoreline of Connecticut; however, single specimens were occasionally detected in central parts of the state. Field-collected females were also screened for arbovirus infection yielding two isolations of Cache Valley virus and one isolation of West Nile virus, highlighting the threat posed by this mosquito. Ae. albopictus overwintered in Connecticut under mild winter conditions as shown by recovery of hatched larvae from field collected tires in spring and by early season detection of larvae and pupae. Conclusions/Significance This study documents the establishment and expansion of Ae. albopictus at the northern boundary of its range in the northeastern U.S. and provides a baseline for monitoring the future spread of this species anticipated under climate change. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is a highly invasive species and an important disease vector that is undergoing rapid range expansion in many countries including the U.S. Winter temperature is an important limit to its northward expansion with Connecticut situated near the northern boundary of its potential range. In this study, we sampled mosquitoes at fixed trapping sites located statewide to track the establishment and range expansion of Ae. albopictus in this region. In addition, mosquito larvae were monitored in tire habitats to evaluate overwintering success of local populations. From this effort, we describe the initial detection of Ae. albopictus in 2006, its annual reemergence and population expansion in southwestern Connecticut from 2010–2016, and its local overwintering under mild winter conditions. Together, this study documents population changes in Ae. albopictus at the northern boundary of its range and provides a baseline for monitoring future range expansion anticipated under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Theodore G. Andreadis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - John J. Shepard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Thomas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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30
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Marcondes CB, Contigiani M, Gleiser RM. Emergent and Reemergent Arboviruses in South America and the Caribbean: Why So Many and Why Now? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:509-532. [PMID: 28399216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varios arbovirus han emergido y/o reemergido en el Nuevo Mundo en las últimas décadas. Los virus Zika y chikungunya, anteriormente restringidos a África y quizás Asia, invadieron el continente, causando gran preocupación; además siguen ocurriendo brotes causados por el virus dengue en casi todos los países, con millones de casos por año. El virus West Nile invadió rápidamente América del Norte, y ya se han encontrado casos en América Central y del Sur. Otros arbovirus, como Mayaro y el virus de la encefalitis equina del este han aumentado su actividad y se han encontrado en nuevas regiones. Se han documentado cambios en la patogenicidad de algunos virus que conducen a enfermedades inesperadas. Una fauna diversa de mosquitos, cambios climáticos y en la vegetación, aumento de los viajes, y urbanizaciones no planificadas que generan condiciones adecuadas para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say y otros mosquitos vectores, se han combinado para influir fuertemente en los cambios en la distribución y la incidencia de varios arbovirus. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar estudios exhaustivos de la fauna de mosquitos y modificaciones de las condiciones ambientales, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas fuertemente influenciadas por factores sociales, políticos y económicos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Emeritus Professor, Instituto de Virologia "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raquel Miranda Gleiser
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (CREAN) - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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The Antiviral RNAi Response in Vector and Non-vector Cells against Orthobunyaviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005272. [PMID: 28060823 PMCID: PMC5245901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector arthropods control arbovirus replication and spread through antiviral innate immune responses including RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. Arbovirus infections have been shown to induce the exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways, but direct antiviral activity by these host responses in mosquito cells has only been demonstrated against a limited number of positive-strand RNA arboviruses. For bunyaviruses in general, the relative contribution of small RNA pathways in antiviral defences is unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings The genus Orthobunyavirus in the Bunyaviridae family harbours a diverse range of mosquito-, midge- and tick-borne arboviruses. We hypothesized that differences in the antiviral RNAi response in vector versus non-vector cells may exist and that could influence viral host range. Using Aedes aegypti-derived mosquito cells, mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses and midge-borne orthobunyaviruses we showed that bunyavirus infection commonly induced the production of small RNAs and the effects of the small RNA pathways on individual viruses differ in specific vector-arbovirus interactions. Conclusions/Significance These findings have important implications for our understanding of antiviral RNAi pathways and orthobunyavirus-vector interactions and tropism. A number of orthobunyaviruses such as Oropouche virus, La Crosse virus and Schmallenberg virus are important global human or animal pathogens transmitted by arthropod vectors. Further understanding of the antiviral control mechanisms in arthropod vectors is key to developing novel prevention strategies based on preventing transmission. Antiviral small RNA pathways such as the exogenous siRNA and piRNA pathways have been shown to mediate antiviral activity against positive-strand RNA arboviruses, but information about their activities against negative-strand RNA arboviruses is critically lacking. Here we show that in Aedes aegypti-derived mosquito cells, the antiviral responses to mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses is largely mediated by both siRNA and piRNA pathways, whereas the piRNA pathway plays only a minor role in controlling midge-borne orthobunyaviruses. This suggests that vector specificity is in part controlled by antiviral responses that depend on the host species. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of arbovirus-vector interactions.
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Shepard JJ, Andreadis TG, Thomas MC, Molaei G. Host associations of mosquitoes at eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in Connecticut, USA. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:474. [PMID: 27577939 PMCID: PMC5006286 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne arbovirus, with active transmission foci in freshwater hardwood swamps in eastern North America, where enzootic transmission is maintained between the ornithophilic mosquito, Culiseta melanura, and wild passerine birds. The role of other locally abundant mosquito species in virus transmission and their associations with vertebrate hosts as sources of blood meals within these foci are largely unknown but are of importance in clarifying the dynamics of enzootic and epidemic/epizootic transmission. Methods Blood-engorged mosquitoes were collected from resting boxes at four established EEEV foci in Connecticut during 2010–2011. Mosquitoes were identified to species, and the identity of vertebrate hosts was determined based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and/or cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences of polymerase chain reaction products. Results The vertebrate hosts of 378 (50.3 % of engorged mosquitoes) specimens, representing 12 mosquito species, were identified. Culiseta morsitans (n = 54; 67.5 %), Culex restuans (n = 4; 66.7 %), and Cx. pipiens (n = 2; 100 %) acquired blood meals exclusively from avian hosts, whereas Aedes cinereus (n = 6; 66.7 %), Ae. canadensis (n = 2; 100 %), and Ae. stimulans (n = 1; 100 %) obtained blood meals solely from mammals. Species that fed opportunistically on both avian and mammalian hosts included: Ae. thibaulti (n = 21 avian, and n = 181 mammalian; 57.2 %), Anopheles punctipennis (n = 8 and n = 40; 44.0 %), An. quadrimaculatus (n = 1 and n = 23; 35.7 %), Coquillettidia perturbans (n = 3 and n = 3; 46.2 %) and Ae. abserratus (n = 1 and n = 2; 23.1 %). Culex territans obtained blood meals from avian and amphibian hosts (n = 18 and n = 5; 26.6 %). Mixed blood meals originating from both avian and mammalian hosts were identified in An. quadrimaculatus (n = 1), and Cx. territans (n = 2). Conclusions Our findings indicate that wood thrush, tufted titmouse, and a few other avian species serve as hosts for mosquitoes, and likely contribute to amplification of EEEV. Our study supports the role of Cs. morsitans in enzootic transmission of EEEV among avian species. Culex territans will seek blood from multiple vertebrate classes, suggesting that this species may contribute to epizootic transmission of the virus. Our findings support roles for Cq. perturbans and An. quadrimaculatus as epidemic/epizootic vectors to humans, horses, and white-tailed deer. Despite its abundance, the potential of Ae. thibaulti to serve as a “bridge vector” for EEEV remains unclear in the absence of any definitive knowledge on its competency for the virus. The contribution of white-tailed deer to the dynamics of EEEV transmission is not fully understood, but findings indicate repeated exposure due to frequent feeding by vector competent mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shepard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, and Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Theodore G Andreadis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, and Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
| | - Michael C Thomas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, and Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Goudarz Molaei
- Department of Environmental Sciences, and Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA.
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Meyers MT, Bahnson CS, Hanlon M, Kopral C, Srisinlapaudom S, Cochrane ZN, Sabas CE, Saiyasombat R, Burrough ER, Plummer PJ, O'Connor AM, Marshall KL, Blitvich BJ. Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:683-93. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Meyers
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Charlie S. Bahnson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michael Hanlon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christine Kopral
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Saengchan Srisinlapaudom
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Western Region), Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | - Zachary N. Cochrane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Carlene E. Sabas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rungrat Saiyasombat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Annette M. O'Connor
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Katherine L. Marshall
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Fonseca DM, Schultz TR, Price DC, Strickman DA. Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133602. [PMID: 26226613 PMCID: PMC4520491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tribe Aedini (Family Culicidae) contains approximately one-quarter of the known species of mosquitoes, including vectors of deadly or debilitating disease agents. This tribe contains the genus Aedes, which is one of the three most familiar genera of mosquitoes. During the past decade, Aedini has been the focus of a series of extensive morphology-based phylogenetic studies published by Reinert, Harbach, and Kitching (RH&K). Those authors created 74 new, elevated or resurrected genera from what had been the single genus Aedes, almost tripling the number of genera in the entire family Culicidae. The proposed classification is based on subjective assessments of the "number and nature of the characters that support the branches" subtending particular monophyletic groups in the results of cladistic analyses of a large set of morphological characters of representative species. To gauge the stability of RH&K's generic groupings we reanalyzed their data with unweighted parsimony jackknife and maximum-parsimony analyses, with and without ordering 14 of the characters as in RH&K. We found that their phylogeny was largely weakly supported and their taxonomic rankings failed priority and other useful taxon-naming criteria. Consequently, we propose simplified aedine generic designations that 1) restore a classification system that is useful for the operational community; 2) enhance the ability of taxonomists to accurately place new species into genera; 3) maintain the progress toward a natural classification based on monophyletic groups of species; and 4) correct the current classification system that is subject to instability as new species are described and existing species more thoroughly defined. We do not challenge the phylogenetic hypotheses generated by the above-mentioned series of morphological studies. However, we reduce the ranks of the genera and subgenera of RH&K to subgenera or informal species groups, respectively, to preserve stability as new data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Preventative Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Entomology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Schultz
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Price
- Entomology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Strickman
- Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Drebot MA. Emerging mosquito-borne bunyaviruses in Canada. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2015; 41:117-123. [PMID: 29769943 PMCID: PMC5864308 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v41i06a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
California serogroup and Cache Valley viruses are arboviruses (tick- and mosquito-borne pathogens) belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus (Family Bunyaviridae). Although the majority of exposures to these viruses result in asymptomatic or mild infections, both California serogroup and Cache Valley viruses can cause febrile and neurological diseases similar in nature to those associated with infections by West Nile virus. California serogroup and Cache Valley viruses are widely distributed across North America and circulate in a number of vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors, including several species of Aedes and other non-Culex mosquitoes. The Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses are the most common kind of California serogroup viruses found in Canada and have been identified throughout the country. These potential pathogens may be contributing to a higher burden of illness than previously recognized and should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis for febrile and neuroinvasive disease during the mosquito season. Diagnosis can be made by requesting a diagnostic panel at the Viral Zoonoses program at the National Microbiology Laboratory. To decrease the risk of infection, education about these viruses and the importance of personal preventive measures is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Drebot
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
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Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF. Emergence of a new lineage of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) in the Northeastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:11-7. [PMID: 25962774 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV; Family Bunyavidae, Genus Orthobunyavirus) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis that frequently infects humans and livestock in North and Central America. In the northeastern United States, CVV transmission is unpredictable from year-to-year and may derive from the periodic extinction and reintroduction of new virus strains into this region. To evaluate this possibility, we sequenced and analyzed numerous CVV isolates sampled in Connecticut during an 18-year period to determine how the virus population may change over time. Phylogenetic analyses showed the establishment of a new viral lineage during 2010 that became dominant by 2014 and appears to have originated from southern Mexico. CVV strains from Connecticut also grouped into numerous sub-clades within each lineage that included viruses from other U.S. states and Canada. We did not observe the development and stable persistence of local viral clades in Connecticut, which may reflect the episodic pattern of CVV transmission. Together, our data support the emergence of a new lineage of CVV in the northeastern United States and suggest extensive dispersal of viral strains in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Armstrong
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Theodore G Andreadis
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John F Anderson
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut
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