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Halani S, Tombindo PE, O'Reilly R, Miranda RN, Erdman LK, Whitehead C, Bielecki JM, Ramsay L, Ximenes R, Boyle J, Krueger C, Willmott S, Morris SK, Murphy KE, Sander B. Clinical manifestations and health outcomes associated with Zika virus infections in adults: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009516. [PMID: 34252102 PMCID: PMC8297931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) has generated global interest in the last five years mostly due to its resurgence in the Americas between 2015 and 2016. It was previously thought to be a self-limiting infection causing febrile illness in less than one quarter of those infected. However, a rise in birth defects amongst children born to infected pregnant women, as well as increases in neurological manifestations in adults has been demonstrated. We systemically reviewed the literature to understand clinical manifestations and health outcomes in adults globally. Methods This review was registered prospectively with PROPSERO (CRD 42018096558). We systematically searched for studies in six databases from inception to the end of September 2020. There were no language restrictions. Critical appraisal was completed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Findings We identified 73 studies globally that reported clinical outcomes in ZIKV-infected adults, of which 55 studies were from the Americas. For further analysis, we considered studies that met 70% of critical appraisal criteria and described subjects with confirmed ZIKV. The most common symptoms included: exanthema (5,456/6,129; 89%), arthralgia (3,809/6,093; 63%), fever (3,787/6,124; 62%), conjunctivitis (2,738/3,283; 45%), myalgia (2,498/5,192; 48%), headache (2,165/4,722; 46%), and diarrhea (337/2,622; 13%). 36/14,335 (0.3%) of infected cases developed neurologic sequelae, of which 75% were Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Several subjects reported recovery from peak of neurological complications, though some endured chronic disability. Mortality was rare (0.1%) and hospitalization (11%) was often associated with co-morbidities or GBS. Conclusions The ZIKV literature in adults was predominantly from the Americas. The most common systemic symptoms were exanthema, fever, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis; GBS was the most prevalent neurological complication. Future ZIKV studies are warranted with standardization of testing and case definitions, consistent co-infection testing, reporting of laboratory abnormalities, separation of adult and pediatric outcomes, and assessing for causation between ZIKV and neurological sequelae. Interest in Zika virus (ZIKV) has increased in the last decade due to its emergence and rapid spread in the Americas. In this review, we examine ZIKV clinical manifestations and sequelae in adults. Among studies reporting subjects with confirmed ZIKV and critical appraisal scores of at least 70%, symptoms reported include exanthema, fever, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea. Neurological sequelae in this group occurred in 0.3% of subjects, of which 75% were Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Recovery from GBS was variable: some patients returned to health and others endured chronic disability. Mortality was rare (0.1%). Hospitalization (11%) was often associated co-morbidities or GBS; this percentage perhaps reflects studies in which all reported subjects were hospitalized. Synthesizing reported data is challenging given the wide range of case definitions and ZIKV testing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan O'Reilly
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafael N Miranda
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Erdman
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare Whitehead
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna M Bielecki
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Ramsay
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphael Ximenes
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Praia de Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Carsten Krueger
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Willmott
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaun K Morris
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kellie E Murphy
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Burdmann EA. Flaviviruses and Kidney Diseases. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:198-206. [PMID: 31202392 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus comprises approximately 73 viruses, which share several common aspects, such as dimension, structure, nucleic acid properties, and shape in electronic microscopy. Global incidence of flavivirus infection increased dramatically over the last decades, causing large outbreaks in several areas of the world. These viruses are expanding from endemic tropical and subtropical areas to previously nonendemic areas, affecting and causing diseases in millions of individuals worldwide and posing a formidable challenge to public health in several countries. The majority of clinically significant flavivirus-associated infections are mosquito borne (arboviruses-acronym for ARthropod-BOrne VIRUSES), such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and West Nile fever. Most diseases caused by flaviviruses are asymptomatic or manifest as self-limited, mild, undifferentiated febrile diseases. In a limited number of cases, these diseases may evolve to severe inflammatory, multisystem diseases, causing high morbidity and mortality. Some flaviviruses have been consistently identified in kidney tissue and urine and have been clinically associated with kidney diseases. In this review, we will provide an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, kidney pathology, etiopathogenesis, and outcomes of acute and chronic kidney syndromes associated with dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and West Nile virus disease.
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