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van Belle GJ, Zieseniss A, Heidenreich D, Olmos M, Zhuikova A, Möbius W, Paul MW, Katschinski DM. Cargo-specific effects of hypoxia on clathrin-mediated trafficking. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02911-6. [PMID: 38294517 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Clathrin-associated trafficking is a major mechanism for intracellular communication, as well as for cells to communicate with the extracellular environment. A decreased oxygen availability termed hypoxia has been described to influence this mechanism in the past. Mostly biochemical studies were applied in these analyses, which miss spatiotemporal information. We have applied live cell microscopy and a newly developed analysis script in combination with a GFP-tagged clathrin-expressing cell line to obtain insight into the dynamics of the effect of hypoxia. Number, mobility and directionality of clathrin-coated vesicles were analysed in non-stimulated cells as well as after stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transferrin in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These data reveal cargo-specific effects, which would not be observable with biochemical methods or with fixed cells and add to the understanding of cell physiology in hypoxia. The stimulus-dependent consequences were also reflected in the final cellular output, i.e. decreased EGF signaling and in contrast increased iron uptake in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert J van Belle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Zieseniss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Doris Heidenreich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maxime Olmos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Asia Zhuikova
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy, City Campus, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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Nguyen MQ, Kim DH, Shim HJ, Ta HKK, Vu TL, Nguyen TKO, Lim JC, Choe H. Novel Anti-Mesothelin Nanobodies and Recombinant Immunotoxins with Pseudomonas Exotoxin Catalytic Domain for Cancer Therapeutics. Mol Cells 2023; 46:764-777. [PMID: 38052492 PMCID: PMC10701305 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins consisting of a targeting domain linked to a toxin, offering a highly specific therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we engineered and characterized RITs aimed at mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in various malignancies. Through an extensive screening of a large nanobody library, four mesothelin-specific nanobodies were selected and genetically fused to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE24B). Various optimizations, including the incorporation of furin cleavage sites, maltose-binding protein tags, and tobacco etch virus protease cleavage sites, were implemented to improve protein expression, solubility, and purification. The RITs were successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli, achieving high solubility and purity post-purification. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on gastric carcinoma cell lines NCI-N87 and AGS revealed that Meso(Nb2)-PE24B demonstrated the highest cytotoxic efficacy, warranting further characterization. This RIT also displayed selective binding to human and monkey mesothelins but not to mouse mesothelin. The competitive binding assays between different RIT constructs revealed significant alterations in IC50 values, emphasizing the importance of nanobody specificity. Finally, a modification in the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal at the C-terminus further augmented its cytotoxic activity. Our findings offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of RITs, showcasing the potential of Meso(Nb2)-PE24B as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | | | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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3
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Maguire E, Connor-Robson N, Shaw B, O’Donoghue R, Stöberl N, Hall-Roberts H. Assaying Microglia Functions In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:3414. [PMID: 36359810 PMCID: PMC9654693 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main immune modulators of the central nervous system, have key roles in both the developing and adult brain. These functions include shaping healthy neuronal networks, carrying out immune surveillance, mediating inflammatory responses, and disposing of unwanted material. A wide variety of pathological conditions present with microglia dysregulation, highlighting the importance of these cells in both normal brain function and disease. Studies into microglial function in the context of both health and disease thus have the potential to provide tremendous insight across a broad range of research areas. In vitro culture of microglia, using primary cells, cell lines, or induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia, allows researchers to generate reproducible, robust, and quantifiable data regarding microglia function. A broad range of assays have been successfully developed and optimised for characterizing microglial morphology, mediation of inflammation, endocytosis, phagocytosis, chemotaxis and random motility, and mediation of immunometabolism. This review describes the main functions of microglia, compares existing protocols for measuring these functions in vitro, and highlights common pitfalls and future areas for development. We aim to provide a comprehensive methodological guide for researchers planning to characterise microglial functions within a range of contexts and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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4
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Rossatti P, Redpath GMI, Ziegler L, Samson GPB, Clamagirand CD, Legler DF, Rossy J. Rapid increase in transferrin receptor recycling promotes adhesion during T cell activation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 36002835 PMCID: PMC9400314 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell activation leads to increased expression of the receptor for the iron transporter transferrin (TfR) to provide iron required for the cell differentiation and clonal expansion that takes place during the days after encounter with a cognate antigen. However, T cells mobilise TfR to their surface within minutes after activation, although the reason and mechanism driving this process remain unclear. Results Here we show that T cells transiently increase endocytic uptake and recycling of TfR upon activation, thereby boosting their capacity to import iron. We demonstrate that increased TfR recycling is powered by a fast endocytic sorting pathway relying on the membrane proteins flotillins, Rab5- and Rab11a-positive endosomes. Our data further reveal that iron import is required for a non-canonical signalling pathway involving the kinases Zap70 and PAK, which controls adhesion of the integrin LFA-1 and eventually leads to conjugation with antigen-presenting cells. Conclusions Altogether, our data suggest that T cells boost their iron importing capacity immediately upon activation to promote adhesion to antigen-presenting cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Gregory M I Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luca Ziegler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Guerric P B Samson
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Camille D Clamagirand
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
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5
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Martin-Fernandez ML. Fluorescence Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030686. [PMID: 35158954 PMCID: PMC8833717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a low (<21%) 5-year survival rate. Lung cancer is often driven by the misfunction of molecules on the surface of cells of the epithelium, which orchestrate mechanisms by which these cells grow and proliferate. Beyond common non-specific treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, among molecular-specific treatments, a number of small-molecule drugs that block cancer-driven molecular activity have been developed. These drugs initially have significant success in a subset of patients, but these patients systematically develop resistance within approximately one year of therapy. Substantial efforts towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance have focused on the genomics of cancer progression, the response of cells to the drugs, and the cellular changes that allow resistance to develop. Fluorescence microscopy of many flavours has significantly contributed to the last two areas, and is the subject of this review. Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex disease often driven by activating mutations or amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which expresses a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Targeted anti-EGFR treatments include small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), among which gefitinib and erlotinib are the best studied, and their function more often imaged. TKIs block EGFR activation, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells addicted to EGFR signals. It is not understood why TKIs do not work in tumours driven by EGFR overexpression but do so in tumours bearing classical activating EGFR mutations, although the latter develop resistance in about one year. Fluorescence imaging played a crucial part in research efforts to understand pro-survival mechanisms, including the dysregulation of autophagy and endocytosis, by which cells overcome the intendedly lethal TKI-induced EGFR signalling block. At their core, pro-survival mechanisms are facilitated by TKI-induced changes in the function and conformation of EGFR and its interactors. This review brings together some of the main advances from fluorescence imaging in investigating TKI function and places them in the broader context of the TKI resistance field, highlighting some paradoxes and suggesting some areas where super-resolution and other emerging methods could make a further contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
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Hernández-Pérez S, Mattila PK. A specific hybridisation internalisation probe (SHIP) enables precise live-cell and super-resolution imaging of internalized cargo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:620. [PMID: 35022457 PMCID: PMC8755761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitated by the advancements in microscopy, our understanding of the complexity of intracellular vesicle traffic has dramatically increased in recent years. However, distinguishing between plasma membrane-bound or internalised ligands remains a major challenge for the studies of cargo sorting to endosomal compartments, especially in small and round cells such as lymphocytes. The specific hybridization internalisation probe (SHIP) assay, developed for flow cytometry studies, employs a ssDNA fluorescence internalisation probe and a complementary ssDNA quenching probe to unambiguously detect the internalized receptors/cargo. Here, we adopted the SHIP assay to study the trafficking of receptor/ligand complexes using B lymphocytes and B cell receptor-mediated antigen internalization as a model system. Our study demonstrates the potential of the SHIP assay for improving the imaging of internalized receptor/ligand complexes and establishes the compatibility of this assay with multiple imaging modalities, including live-cell imaging and super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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