1
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Singh AK, Kumar SL, Beniwal R, Mohanty A, Kushwaha B, Rao HBDP. Local DNA synthesis is critical for DNA repair during oocyte maturation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272449. [PMID: 34415018 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes can be very long-lived cells and thereby are very likely to encounter DNA damage during their lifetime. Defective DNA repair may result in oocytes that are developmentally incompetent or give rise to progeny with congenital disorders. During oocyte maturation, damaged DNA is repaired primarily by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Although these repair pathways have been studied extensively, the associated DNA synthesis is poorly characterized. Here, using porcine oocytes, we demonstrate that the DNA synthesis machinery is present during oocyte maturation and dynamically recruited to sites of DNA damage. DNA polymerase δ is identified as being crucial for oocyte DNA synthesis. Furthermore, inhibiting synthesis causes DNA damage to accumulate and delays the progression of oocyte maturation. Importantly, inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) bypassed the delay of oocyte maturation caused by DNA synthesis inhibition. Finally, we found that ∼20% of unperturbed oocytes experienced spontaneously arising damage during maturation. Cumulatively, our findings indicate that oocyte maturation requires damage-associated DNA synthesis that is monitored by the SAC. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Singh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India
| | - S Lava Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India.,Graduate studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Rohit Beniwal
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India.,Graduate studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Aradhana Mohanty
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India.,Graduate studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121 001, India
| | - Bhawna Kushwaha
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India
| | - H B D Prasada Rao
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India
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2
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Yuan Z, Li H. Molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic origin initiation, replication fork progression, and chromatin maintenance. Biochem J 2020; 477:3499-3525. [PMID: 32970141 PMCID: PMC7574821 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated process. Replication involves several dozens of replication proteins, including the initiators ORC and Cdc6, replicative CMG helicase, DNA polymerase α-primase, leading-strand DNA polymerase ε, and lagging-strand DNA polymerase δ. These proteins work together in a spatially and temporally controlled manner to synthesize new DNA from the parental DNA templates. During DNA replication, epigenetic information imprinted on DNA and histone proteins is also copied to the daughter DNA to maintain the chromatin status. DNA methyltransferase 1 is primarily responsible for copying the parental DNA methylation pattern into the nascent DNA. Epigenetic information encoded in histones is transferred via a more complex and less well-understood process termed replication-couple nucleosome assembly. Here, we summarize the most recent structural and biochemical insights into DNA replication initiation, replication fork elongation, chromatin assembly and maintenance, and related regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuanning Yuan
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Huilin Li
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A
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3
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Yang B, Xu X, Russell L, Sullenberger MT, Yanowitz JL, Maine EM. A DNA repair protein and histone methyltransferase interact to promote genome stability in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007992. [PMID: 30794539 PMCID: PMC6402707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications regulate gene expression and chromosomal events, yet how histone-modifying enzymes are targeted is poorly understood. Here we report that a conserved DNA repair protein, SMRC-1, associates with MET-2, the C. elegans histone methyltransferase responsible for H3K9me1 and me2 deposition. We used molecular, genetic, and biochemical methods to investigate the biological role of SMRC-1 and to explore its relationship with MET-2. SMRC-1, like its mammalian ortholog SMARCAL1, provides protection from DNA replication stress. SMRC-1 limits accumulation of DNA damage and promotes germline and embryonic viability. MET-2 and SMRC-1 localize to mitotic and meiotic germline nuclei, and SMRC-1 promotes an increase in MET-2 abundance in mitotic germline nuclei upon replication stress. In the absence of SMRC-1, germline H3K9me2 generally decreases after multiple generations at high culture temperature. Genetic data are consistent with MET-2 and SMRC-1 functioning together to limit replication stress in the germ line and in parallel to promote other germline processes. We hypothesize that loss of SMRC-1 activity causes chronic replication stress, in part because of insufficient recruitment of MET-2 to nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Logan Russell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Judith L. Yanowitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. Maine
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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4
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Morena F, Argentati C, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Martino S. Above the Epitranscriptome: RNA Modifications and Stem Cell Identity. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E329. [PMID: 29958477 PMCID: PMC6070936 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence databases and transcriptome-wide mapping have revealed different reversible and dynamic chemical modifications of the nitrogen bases of RNA molecules. Modifications occur in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs post-transcriptionally and they can influence the RNA structure, metabolism, and function. The result is the expansion of the variety of the transcriptome. In fact, depending on the type of modification, RNA molecules enter into a specific program exerting the role of the player or/and the target in biological and pathological processes. Many research groups are exploring the role of RNA modifications (alias epitranscriptome) in cell proliferation, survival, and in more specialized activities. More recently, the role of RNA modifications has been also explored in stem cell biology. Our understanding in this context is still in its infancy. Available evidence addresses the role of RNA modifications in self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation processes of stem cells. In this review, we will focus on five epitranscriptomic marks: N6-methyladenosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, Pseudouridine (Ψ) and Adenosine-to-Inosine editing. We will provide insights into the function and the distribution of these chemical modifications in coding RNAs and noncoding-RNAs. Mainly, we will emphasize the role of epitranscriptomic mechanisms in the biology of naïve, primed, embryonic, adult, and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence of Nanostructured Innovative Materials, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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5
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Hung JH, Wee SK, Omar HA, Su CH, Chen HY, Chen PS, Chiu CC, Wu MS, Teng YN. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor regulates LRWD1 expression and cellular adaptation to oxidative stress in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Biochimie 2018; 148:99-106. [PMID: 29544732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats and WD repeat domain-containing protein 1 (LRWD1) is implicated in the regulation of signal transduction, transcription, RNA processing and tumor development. However, LRWD1 transcriptional regulation is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LRWD1 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in human embryonal carcinoma cell line, NT2/D1 cells, which will help in understanding the transcriptional regulatory role of ROS in cells. Results showed that the exposure of NT2/D1 cells to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression of LRWD1. In addition, LRWD1 promoter luciferase reporter assay, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assay (CHIP assay) showed that nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2) was involved in the regulation of LRWD1 expression in response to oxidative stress. The involvement of Nrf2 was confirmed by shRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 in NT2/D1 cells, which caused a significant decrease in LRWD1 expression in response to oxidative stress. Similarly, LRWD1 knockdown resulted in the accumulation of H2O2 and superoxide anion radical (O2-). Blocking ROS production by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) protected NT2/D1 shLRWD1cells from H2O2-induced cell death. Collectively, oxidative stress increased LRWD1 expression through a Nrf2-dependent mechanism, which plays an important role in cellular adaptation to oxidative stress. These results highlight an evidence, on the molecular level, about LRWD1 transcriptional regulation under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shi-Kae Wee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Chia-Hui Su
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-Yi Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Shern Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Syuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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6
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Serra-Cardona A, Zhang Z. Replication-Coupled Nucleosome Assembly in the Passage of Epigenetic Information and Cell Identity. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:136-148. [PMID: 29292063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During S phase, replicated DNA must be assembled into nucleosomes using both newly synthesized and parental histones in a process that is tightly coupled to DNA replication. This DNA replication-coupled process is regulated by multitude of histone chaperones as well as by histone-modifying enzymes. In recent years novel insights into nucleosome assembly of new H3-H4 tetramers have been gained through studies on the classical histone chaperone CAF-1 and the identification of novel factors involved in this process. Moreover, in vitro reconstitution of chromatin replication has shed light on nucleosome assembly of parental H3-H4, a process that remains elusive. Finally, recent studies have revealed that the replication-coupled nucleosome assembly is important for the determination and maintenance of cell fate in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serra-Cardona
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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TRF2 recruits ORC through TRFH domain dimerization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Bi X, Ren Y, Kath M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) contributes to the high-order structure and stability of heterochromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromosome Res 2016; 25:89-100. [PMID: 27987109 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-016-9540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin plays important roles in the structure, maintenance, and function of the eukaryotic genome. It is associated with special histone modifications and specialized non-histone proteins and assumes a more compact structure than euchromatin. Genes embedded in heterochromatin are generally transcriptionally silent. It was found previously that several mutations of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a DNA replication processivity factor, reduce transcriptional silencing at heterochromatin loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the notion that PCNA plays a role in transcriptional silencing was recently questioned because of a potential problem concerning the silencing assays used in prior studies. To determine if PCNA is a bona fide contributor to heterochromatin-mediated transcriptional silencing, we examined the effects of PCNA mutations on heterochromatin structure. We found evidence implicating PCNA in the maintenance of the high-order structure and stability of heterochromatin, which indicates a role of DNA replication in heterochromatin maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Morgan Kath
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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9
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Liu WH, Roemer SC, Zhou Y, Shen ZJ, Dennehey BK, Balsbaugh JL, Liddle JC, Nemkov T, Ahn NG, Hansen KC, Tyler JK, Churchill ME. The Cac1 subunit of histone chaperone CAF-1 organizes CAF-1-H3/H4 architecture and tetramerizes histones. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27690308 PMCID: PMC5045291 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone chaperone Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) deposits tetrameric (H3/H4)2 histones onto newly-synthesized DNA during DNA replication. To understand the mechanism of the tri-subunit CAF-1 complex in this process, we investigated the protein-protein interactions within the CAF-1-H3/H4 architecture using biophysical and biochemical approaches. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry reveal interactions that are essential for CAF-1 function in budding yeast, and importantly indicate that the Cac1 subunit functions as a scaffold within the CAF-1-H3/H4 complex. Cac1 alone not only binds H3/H4 with high affinity, but also promotes histone tetramerization independent of the other subunits. Moreover, we identify a minimal region in the C-terminus of Cac1, including the structured winged helix domain and glutamate/aspartate-rich domain, which is sufficient to induce (H3/H4)2 tetramerization. These findings reveal a key role of Cac1 in histone tetramerization, providing a new model for CAF-1-H3/H4 architecture and function during eukaryotic replication. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18023.001 The DNA of a human, yeast or other eukaryotic cell is bound to proteins called histones to form repeating units called nucleosomes. Every time a eukaryotic cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA. Old histones are first removed from the nucleosomes before being re-assembled onto the newly duplicated DNA along with new histone proteins, producing a full complement of nucleosomes. A group of proteins called the chromatin assembly factor 1 (or CAF-1 for short) helps to assemble the histones onto the DNA. CAF-1 is made up of three proteins, and binds to two copies of each of the histones known as H3 and H4. These are the first histones to be assembled onto the nucleosomes. It was not clear how the components of CAF-1 are organized, or how CAF-1 recognizes histones. Liu et al. have now investigated the structure of CAF-1 and its interactions with the H3 and H4 histones by studying yeast proteins and cells. Yeast is a good model system because yeast CAF-1 is smaller and easier to isolate than human CAF-1, yet still performs the same essential activities. Using a combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques, Liu et al. found that one of the three proteins that makes up yeast CAF-1 – called Cac1 – forms a scaffold that supports the other CAF-1 proteins and histones H3 and H4. Moreover, a specific part of Cac1 is able to bind to these histones and assemble two copies of each of them to prepare for efficient nucleosome assembly. Further experiments revealed the specific areas where the CAF-1 proteins interact with each other and with the histones, determined how strong those interactions are, and confirmed that these interactions play important roles in yeast. Overall, the results presented by Liu et al. provide new insights into the structure of CAF-1 bound to H3 and H4. In order to understand in detail how CAF-1 helps to assemble histones onto DNA, future work needs to capture three-dimensional snapshots of the different steps in this process. Further investigation is also needed to discover how CAF-1 cooperates with other factors that promote DNA duplication. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18023.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace H Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Sarah C Roemer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Yeyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Zih-Jie Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Briana K Dennehey
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Jennifer C Liddle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Natalie G Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Jessica K Tyler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Mair Ea Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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10
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Kylie K, Romero J, Lindamulage IK, Knockleby J, Lee H. Dynamic regulation of histone H3K9 is linked to the switch between replication and transcription at the Dbf4 origin-promoter locus. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2321-35. [PMID: 27341472 PMCID: PMC5004705 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1201254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-regulation of DNA replication and gene transcription is still poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of this important control mechanism, we examined the DNA replication and transcription using the Dbf4 origin-promoter and Dbf4 pseudogene models. We found that origin firing and Dbf4 transcription activity were inversely regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. We also found that proteins critical for the regulation of replication (ORC, MCM), transcription (SP1, TFIIB), and cohesin (Smc1, Smc3) and Mediator functions (Med1, Med12) interact with specific sites within and the surrounding regions of the Dbf4 locus in a cell cycle-dependent manner. As expected, replication initiation occurred within a nucleosome-depleted region, and nucleosomes flanked the 2 replication initiation zones. Further, the histone H3 in this region was distinctly acetylated or trimethylated on lysine 9 in a cell cycle-dependent fluctuation pattern: H3K9ac was most prevalent when the Dbf4 transcription level was highest whereas the H3K9me3 level was greatest during and just after replication. The KDM4A histone demethylase, which is responsible for the H3K9me3 modification, was enriched at the Dbf4 origin in a manner coinciding with H3K9me3. Finally, HP1γ, a protein known to interact with H3K9me3 in the heterochromatin was also found enriched at the origin during DNA replication, indicating that H3K9me3 may be required for the regulation of replication at both heterochromatin and euchromatin regions. Taken together, our data show that mammalian cells employ an extremely sophisticated and multilayered co-regulation mechanism for replication and transcription in a highly coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kylie
- Tumour Biology Group, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Romero
- Tumour Biology Group, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James Knockleby
- Tumour Biology Group, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoyun Lee
- Tumour Biology Group, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Lowe M, Hostager R, Kikyo N. Preservation of Epigenetic Memory During DNA Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1. [PMID: 27158681 DOI: 10.15406/jsrt.2015.01.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Faithful duplication of a cell's epigenetic state during DNA replication is essential for the maintenance of a cell's lineage. One of the key mechanisms is the recruitment of several critical chromatin modifying enzymes to the replication fork by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Another mechanism is mediated by the dual function of some histone modifying enzymes as both "reader" and "writer" of the same modification. This capacity allows for parental histones to act as a seed to copy the modification onto nearby newly synthesized histones. In contrast to the vast quantity of research into the maintenance of epigenetic memory, little is known about how the recruitment of these maintenance enzymes changes during stem cell differentiation. This question is especially pertinent due to the recent emphasis on cell reprogramming for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lowe
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Reilly Hostager
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Nobuaki Kikyo
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, USA
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12
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Roostaee A, Benoit YD, Boudjadi S, Beaulieu JF. Epigenetics in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Renewal. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2361-7. [PMID: 27061836 PMCID: PMC5074234 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A controlled balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential to maintain normal intestinal tissue renewal and physiology. Such regulation is powered by several intracellular pathways that are translated into the establishment of specific transcription programs, which influence intestinal cell fate along the crypt-villus axis. One important check-point in this process occurs in the transit amplifying zone of the intestinal crypts where different signaling pathways and transcription factors cooperate to manage cellular proliferation and differentiation, before secretory or absorptive cell lineage terminal differentiation. However, the importance of epigenetic modifications such as histone methylation and acetylation in the regulation of these processes is still incompletely understood. There have been recent advances in identifying the impact of histone modifications and chromatin remodelers on the proliferation and differentiation of normal intestinal crypt cells. In this review we discuss recent discoveries on the role of the cellular epigenome in intestinal cell fate, development, and tissue renewal. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2361-2367, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Roostaee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salah Boudjadi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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13
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Giri S, Prasanth SG. Association of ORCA/LRWD1 with repressive histone methyl transferases mediates heterochromatin organization. Nucleus 2016; 6:435-41. [PMID: 26765314 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin mostly constitutes tightly packaged DNA, decorated with repressive histone marks, including histone H3 methylated at lysine 9, histone H4 methylated at lysine 20 and histone H3 methylated at lysine 27. Each of these marks is incorporated by specific histone lysine methyl transferases. While constitutive heterochromatin enriched with H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 occur within repetitive elements, including centromeres and telomeres, the facultative heterochromatin resides on the inactive X-chromosome and contains H3K27me3 mark. Origin recognition complex-associated (ORCA/LRWD1) protein is required for the initiation of DNA replication and also plays crucial roles in heterochromatin organization. ORCA associates with constitutive and facultative heterochromatin in human cells and binds to repressive histone marks. We demonstrate that ORCA binds to multiple repressive histone methyl transferases including G9a, GLP, Suv39h1 (H3K9me2/3), Suv420h1/h2 (H4K20me2/3) and EZH2 (H3K27me3). Removal of ORCA from human cells causes aberrations in the chromatin architecture. We propose that ORCA acts as a scaffold protein that enables the formation of multiple histone lysine methyltransferase complexes at heterochromatic sites thereby facilitating chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanprava Giri
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Urbana , IL USA
| | - Supriya G Prasanth
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Urbana , IL USA
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Interplay between histone H3 lysine 56 deacetylation and chromatin modifiers in response to DNA damage. Genetics 2015; 200:185-205. [PMID: 25786853 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.175919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56Ac) is present in newly synthesized histones deposited throughout the genome during DNA replication. The sirtuins Hst3 and Hst4 deacetylate H3K56 after S phase, and virtually all histone H3 molecules are K56 acetylated throughout the cell cycle in hst3∆ hst4∆ mutants. Failure to deacetylate H3K56 causes thermosensitivity, spontaneous DNA damage, and sensitivity to replicative stress via molecular mechanisms that remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that unlike wild-type cells, hst3∆ hst4∆ cells are unable to complete genome duplication and accumulate persistent foci containing the homologous recombination protein Rad52 after exposure to genotoxic drugs during S phase. In response to replicative stress, cells lacking Hst3 and Hst4 also displayed intense foci containing the Rfa1 subunit of the single-stranded DNA binding protein complex RPA, as well as persistent activation of DNA damage-induced kinases. To investigate the basis of these phenotypes, we identified histone point mutations that modulate the temperature and genotoxic drug sensitivity of hst3∆ hst4∆ cells. We found that reducing the levels of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation or H3 lysine 79 methylation partially suppresses these sensitivities and reduces spontaneous and genotoxin-induced activation of the DNA damage-response kinase Rad53 in hst3∆ hst4∆ cells. Our data further suggest that elevated DNA damage-induced signaling significantly contributes to the phenotypes of hst3∆ hst4∆ cells. Overall, these results outline a novel interplay between H3K56Ac, H3K79 methylation, and H4K16 acetylation in the cellular response to DNA damage.
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15
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Singh J. Role of DNA replication in establishment and propagation of epigenetic states of chromatin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:131-43. [PMID: 24794003 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is the fundamental process of duplication of the genetic information that is vital for survival of all living cells. The basic mechanistic steps of replication initiation, elongation and termination are conserved among bacteria, lower eukaryotes, like yeast and metazoans. However, the details of the mechanisms are different. Furthermore, there is a close coordination between chromatin assembly pathways and various components of replication machinery whereby DNA replication is coupled to "chromatin replication" during cell cycle. Thereby, various epigenetic modifications associated with different states of gene expression in differentiated cells and the related chromatin structures are faithfully propagated during the cell division through tight coupling with the DNA replication machinery. Several examples are found in lower eukaryotes like budding yeast and fission yeast with close parallels in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Rivera C, Gurard-Levin ZA, Almouzni G, Loyola A. Histone lysine methylation and chromatin replication. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1433-9. [PMID: 24686120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, the replication of the DNA sequence and its organization into chromatin are critical to maintain genome integrity. Chromatin components, such as histone variants and histone post-translational modifications, along with the higher-order chromatin structure, impact several DNA metabolic processes, including replication, transcription, and repair. In this review we focus on lysine methylation and the relationships between this histone mark and chromatin replication. We first describe studies implicating lysine methylation in regulating early steps in the replication process. We then discuss chromatin reassembly following replication fork passage, where the incorporation of a combination of newly synthesized histones and parental histones can impact the inheritance of lysine methylation marks on the daughter strands. Finally, we elaborate on how the inheritance of lysine methylation can impact maintenance of the chromatin landscape, using heterochromatin as a model chromatin domain, and we discuss the potential mechanisms involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary A Gurard-Levin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France; CNRS, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; UPMC, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; Paris Sciences & Lettres, PSL, France
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France; CNRS, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; UPMC, UMR 3664, Paris F-75248, France; Paris Sciences & Lettres, PSL, France.
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Petrakis TG, Vougas K, Gorgoulis VG. Cdc6: a multi-functional molecular switch with critical role in carcinogenesis. Transcription 2012; 3:124-9. [PMID: 22771947 DOI: 10.4161/trns.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade revealed an additional role for the Replication Licensing Factor Cdc6 in transcriptional regulation. This novel function has been linked to human cancer development. Here, we summarize all the findings arguing over a role of Cdc6 as a transcriptional repressor and shed light toward new research directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thodoris G Petrakis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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