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Kaufman-Szymczyk A, Jalmuzna J, Lubecka-Gajewska K. Soy-derived isoflavones as chemo-preventive agents targeting multiple signalling pathways for cancer prevention and therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38528688 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of soy and soy-derived compounds, especially isoflavones, have been extensively studied in recent years. However, in contrast to their anticancer effects, such as cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, isoflavones have also been found to promote the growth of cancer cells. Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive review article is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms by which soy-derived isoflavones target multiple cellular signalling pathways in cancer cells. Our findings indicate that soy-derived isoflavones act as, among other things, potent modulators of HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR)/SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), 17-β-oestradiol (E2)/oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)/neuroglobin (NGB) and sonic hedgehog signalling pathways, epigenetic modulatory agents (i.a. miR-155, miR-34a and miR-10a-5p) and cancer stem cells and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inhibitors. The paper also discusses the latest epidemiological studies and clinical trials and provides an insight into recent extensive research on the chemo-preventive and therapeutic potential of soy-derived isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaufman-Szymczyk
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Jalmuzna
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lubecka-Gajewska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Joshi H, Gupta DS, Abjani NK, Kaur G, Mohan CD, Kaur J, Aggarwal D, Rani I, Ramniwas S, Abdulabbas HS, Gupta M, Tuli HS. Genistein: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2893-2910. [PMID: 37300702 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genistein, a commonly occurring isoflavone, has recently gained popularity owing to its ever-expanding spectrum of pharmacological benefits. In addition to health benefits such as improved bone health and reduced postmenopausal complications owing to its phytoestrogen properties, it has been widely evaluated for its anti-cancer potential. Several studies have established the potential for its usage in the management of breast, lung, and prostate cancers, and its usage has significantly evolved from early applications in traditional systems of medicine. This review offers an insight into its current status of usage, the chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of the molecule, an exploration of its apoptotic mechanisms in cancer management, and opportunities for synergism to improve therapeutic outcomes. In addition to this, the authors have presented an overview of recent clinical trials, to offer an understanding of contemporary studies and explore prospects for a greater number of focused trials, moving forward. Advancements in the application of nanotechnology as a strategy to improve safety and efficacy have also been highlighted, with a brief discussion of results from safety and toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dhruv Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Nosheen Kamruddin Abjani
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | | | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, 134007, Ambala, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Continuous Education Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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3
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Tuli HS, Kumar A, Sak K, Aggarwal D, Gupta DS, Kaur G, Vashishth K, Dhama K, Kaur J, Saini AK, Varol M, Capanoglu E, Haque S. Gut Microbiota-Assisted Synthesis, Cellular Interactions and Synergistic Perspectives of Equol as a Potent Anticancer Isoflavone. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111418. [PMID: 36422548 PMCID: PMC9697248 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that, historically, plants have been an important resource of anticancer agents, providing several clinically approved drugs. Numerous preclinical studies have shown a strong anticancer potential of structurally different phytochemicals, including polyphenolic constituents of plants, flavonoids. In this review article, suppressing effects of equol in different carcinogenesis models are unraveled, highlighting the mechanisms involved in these anticancer activities. Among flavonoids, daidzein is a well-known isoflavone occurring in soybeans and soy products. In a certain part of population, this soy isoflavone is decomposed to equol under the action of gut microflora. Somewhat surprisingly, this degradation product has been shown to be more bioactive than its precursor daidzein, revealing a strong and multifaceted anticancer potential. In this way, it is important to bear in mind that the metabolic conversion of plant flavonoids might lead to products that are even more efficient than the parent compounds themselves, definitely deserving further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala 133207, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (PBTI), Phase VIII, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Katrin Sak
- NGO Praeventio, 50407 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala 133207, India
| | - Dhruv Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s, NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s, NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kanupriya Vashishth
- Advance Cardiac Centre Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Adesh K. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala 133207, India
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kotekli Campus, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Xing X, Wang S. Health benefits of dietary polyphenols: Insight into interindividual variability in absorption and metabolism. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Messina M, Duncan A, Messina V, Lynch H, Kiel J, Erdman JW. The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970364. [PMID: 36034914 PMCID: PMC9410752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Heidi Lynch
- Kinesiology Department, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Zhou C, Wu Q, Ye Z, Liu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li H, He P, Li Q, Liu C, Qin X. Inverse Association Between Variety of Proteins With Appropriate Quantity From Different Food Sources and New-Onset Hypertension. Hypertension 2022; 79:1017-1027. [PMID: 35264000 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationships of the variety and quantity of different sources of dietary proteins with hypertension remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate associations between the variety and quantity of proteins intake from 8 major food sources and new-onset hypertension among 12 177 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was measured by 3 consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory. The variety score of protein sources was defined as the number of protein sources consumed at the appropriate level, accounting for types and quantity of proteins. New-onset hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or physician-diagnosed hypertension or receiving antihypertensive treatment, during the follow-up. During a median follow-up of 6.1 years, there were U-shaped associations of percentages energy from total, unprocessed or processed red meat-derived, whole grain-derived, and poultry-derived proteins with new-onset hypertension; an reverse J-shaped association of fish-derived protein with new-onset hypertension; L-shaped associations of eggs-derived and legumes-derived proteins with new-onset hypertension; and an reverse L-shaped association of refined grain-derived protein with new-onset hypertension (all P values for nonlinearity <0.001). That is, for each protein, there is a window of consumption (appropriate level) where the risk of hypertension is lower. Moreover, a significantly lower risk of new-onset hypertension was found in those with higher variety score of protein sources (per score increment, hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.72-0.76]). In summary, there was an inverse association between the variety of proteins with appropriate quantity from different food sources and new-onset hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Qimeng Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Ziliang Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Mengyi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Zhuxian Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Huan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Panpan He
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.)
| | - Qinqin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.).,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Biomedicine (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengzhang Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.).,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Biomedicine (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China (C.Z., Q.W., Z.Y., M.L., Z.Z., Y.Z., H.L., P.H., Q.L., C.L., X.Q.).,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Biomedicine (Q.L., C.L., X.Q.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Selma MV, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: metabolite production and/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes? Food Funct 2021; 12:10324-10355. [PMID: 34558584 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high human interindividual variability in response to (poly)phenol consumption, the cause-and-effect relationship between some dietary (poly)phenols (flavanols and olive oil phenolics) and health effects (endothelial function and prevention of LDL oxidation, respectively) has been well established. Most of the variables affecting this interindividual variability have been identified (food matrix, gut microbiota, single-nucleotide-polymorphisms, etc.). However, the final drivers for the health effects of (poly)phenol consumption have not been fully identified. At least partially, these drivers could be (i) the (poly)phenols ingested that exert their effect in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the bioavailable metabolites that exert their effects systemically and/or (iii) the gut microbial ecology associated with (poly)phenol metabolism (i.e., gut microbiota-associated metabotypes). However, statistical associations between health effects and the occurrence of circulating and/or excreted metabolites, as well as cross-sectional studies that correlate gut microbial ecologies and health, do not prove a causal role unequivocally. We provide a critical overview and perspective on the possible main drivers of the effects of (poly)phenols on human health and suggest possible actions to identify the putative actors responsible for the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Á Ávila-Gálvez
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María V Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Bland JS. Application of Phytochemicals in Immune Disorders: Their Roles Beyond Antioxidants. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:16-21. [PMID: 34803535 PMCID: PMC8594972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing increased global pressure on immune system function as a result of climate change, exposure to xenobiotics, poor quality diets, increased psycho-social stress, and exposure to new infectious agents. Understanding how various phytochemicals and their metabolic byproducts produced by the microbiome modulate immune-related signal transduction pathways has opened a new chapter in medical nutrition that moves far beyond that of generalized antioxidant effects. Not only is precision nutrition now possible, there is an urgent need for it.
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Wang X, Ha D, Yoshitake R, Chan YS, Sadava D, Chen S. Exploring the Biological Activity and Mechanism of Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Cancers: Emerging Methods and Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168798. [PMID: 34445499 PMCID: PMC8395949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens are referred to as "foreign estrogens" that are produced outside of the human body and have been shown to exert estrogen-like activity. Xenoestrogens are synthetic industrial chemicals, whereas phytoestrogens are chemicals present in the plant. Considering that these environmental estrogen mimics potentially promote hormone-related cancers, an understanding of how they interact with estrogenic pathways in human cells is crucial to resolve their possible impacts in cancer. Here, we conducted an extensive literature evaluation on the origins of these chemicals, emerging research techniques, updated molecular mechanisms, and ongoing clinical studies of estrogen mimics in human cancers. In this review, we describe new applications of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques in shaping the current knowledge. At the molecular and cellular levels, we provide comprehensive and up-to-date insights into the mechanism of xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens in modulating the hallmarks of cancer. At the systemic level, we bring the emerging concept of window of susceptibility (WOS) into focus. WOS is the critical timing during the female lifespan that includes the prenatal, pubertal, pregnancy, and menopausal transition periods, during which the mammary glands are more sensitive to environmental exposures. Lastly, we reviewed 18 clinical trials on the application of phytoestrogens in the prevention or treatment of different cancers, conducted from 2002 to the present, and provide evidence-based perspectives on the clinical applications of phytoestrogens in cancers. Further research with carefully thought-through concepts and advanced methods on environmental estrogens will help to improve understanding for the identification of environmental influences, as well as provide novel mechanisms to guide the development of prevention and therapeutic approaches for human cancers.
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