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Bellagamba I, Boccuni F, Ferrante R, Tombolini F, Natale C, Marra F, Sarto MS, Iavicoli S. Occupational Exposure during the Production and the Spray Deposition of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based Polymeric Coatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1378. [PMID: 37110963 PMCID: PMC10142999 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based polymer composites are innovative materials which have recently found wide application in many industrial sectors thanks to the combination of their enhanced properties. The production of such materials at the nanoscale and their handling in combination with other materials introduce growing concerns regarding workers' exposure to nano-sized materials. The present study aims to evaluate the nanomaterials emissions during the work phases required to produce an innovative graphene-based polymer coating made of a water-based polyurethane paint filled with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and deposited via the spray casting technique. For this purpose, a multi-metric exposure measurement strategy was adopted in accordance with the harmonized tiered approach published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). As a result, potential GNPs release has been indicated near the operator in a restricted area not involving other workers. The ventilated hood inside the production laboratory guarantees a rapid reduction of particle number concentration levels, limiting the exposure time. Such findings allowed us to identify the work phases of the production process with a high risk of exposure by inhalation to GNPs and to define proper risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bellagamba
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Boccuni
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tombolini
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Natale
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Marra
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Directorate General for Communication and European and International Relations, Italian Ministry of Health, Lungotevere Ripa 1, I-00153 Rome, Italy
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Airborne LTA Nanozeolites Characterization during the Manufacturing Process and External Sources Interaction with the Workplace Background. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091448. [PMID: 35564157 PMCID: PMC9104400 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanoscale amorphous silica nanomaterials are widespread and used in many industrial sectors. Currently, some types of silicon-based nanozeolites (NZs) have been synthesized, showing potential advantages compared to the analogous micro-forms; otherwise, few studies are yet available regarding their potential toxicity. In this respect, the aim of the present work is to investigate the potential exposure to airborne Linde Type A (LTA) NZs on which toxicological effects have been already assessed. Moreover, the contributions to the background related to the main emission sources coming from the outdoor environment (i.e., vehicular traffic and anthropogenic activities) were investigated as possible confounding factors. For this purpose, an LTA NZ production line in an industrial factory has been studied, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on multi-metric approach to investigate airborne nanoparticles at the workplace. The main emission sources of nanoparticulate matter within the working environment have been identified by real-time measurements (particle number concentration, size distribution, average diameter, and lung-deposited surface area). Events due to LTA NZ spillage in the air during the cleaning phases have been chemically and morphologically characterized by ICP-MS and SEM analysis, respectively.
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3
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Dahm MM, Evans DE, Bertke S, Grinshpun SA. Evaluation of total and inhalable samplers for the collection of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:958-970. [PMID: 35392279 PMCID: PMC8985588 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1618437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) exposure and epidemiologic studies have utilized 25-mm and 37-mm open-faced cassettes (OFC) to assess the inhalable aerosol fraction. It has been previously established that the 37-mm OFC under-samples particles greater than 20 μm in diameter, but the size-selective characteristics of the 25-mm OFC have not yet been fully evaluated. This article describes an experimental study conducted to determine if the 25- and 37-mm OFCs performed with relative equivalence to a reference inhalable aerosol sampler when challenged with CNT/F particles. Side-by-side paired samples were collected within a small Venturi chamber using a 25-mm styrene OFC, 37-mm styrene OFC, 25-mm aluminum OFC, and Button Inhalable Aerosol Sampler. Three types of CNT/F materials and an Arizona road dust were used as challenge aerosols for the various sampler configurations. Repeated experiments were conducted for each sampler configuration and material. The OFC samplers operated at flow rates of 2 and 5 liters per minute. Results showed that the 25-mm OFC performed comparably to the Button Sampler when challenged with CNT/F aerosols, which was demonstrated in five of the six experimental scenarios with an average error of 20%. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the sampling efficiency of the 25- and 37-mm OFCs adequately followed the ISO/ACGIH/CEN inhalable sampling convention when challenged with CNT/F aerosols. Past exposure and epidemiologic studies that used these OFC samplers can directly compare their results to studies that have used other validated inhalable aerosol samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Douglas E. Evans
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Sergey A. Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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4
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Schulte P, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:112-124. [PMID: 29920308 PMCID: PMC6239923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the number of nanomaterial workers increase there is need to consider whether biomonitoring of exposure should be used as a routine risk management tool. Currently, no biomonitoring of nanomaterials is mandated by authoritative or regulatory agencies. However, there is a growing knowledge base to support such biomonitoring, but further research is needed as are investigations of priorities for biomonitoring. That research should be focused on validation of biomarkers of exposure and effect. Some biomarkers of effect are generally nonspecific. These biomarkers need further interpretation before they should be used. Overall biomonitoring of nanomaterial workers may be important to supplement risk assessment and risk management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
| | - V Leso
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M Niang
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Tromp PC, Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Godderis L, Lan Q, Jedynska AD, Vermeulen R, Pronk A. A New Approach Combining Analytical Methods for Workplace Exposure Assessment of Inhalable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 61:759-772. [PMID: 28810684 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date there is no consensus about the most appropriate analytical method for measuring carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hampering the assessment and limiting the comparison of data. The goal of this study is to develop an approach for the assessment of the level and nature of inhalable multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs) in an actual workplace setting by optimizing and evaluating existing analytical methods. In a company commercially producing MWCNTs, personal breathing zone samples were collected for the inhalable size fraction with IOM samplers; which were analyzed with carbon analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Analytical methods were optimized for carbon analysis and SEM/EDX. More specifically, methods were applied and evaluated for background correction using carbon analyses and SEM/EDX, CNT structure count with SEM/EDX and subsequent mass conversion based on both carbon analyses and SEM/EDX. A moderate-to-high concordance correlation coefficient (RC) between carbon analyses and SEM/EDX was observed [RC = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.92] with an absolute mean difference of 59 µg m-3. A low RC between carbon analyses and ICP-MS (RC = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.07-0.67) with an absolute mean difference of 570 µg m-3 was observed. The large absolute difference between EC and metals is due to the presence of non-embedded inhalable catalyst particles, as a result of which MWCNT concentrations were overestimated. Combining carbon analysis and SEM/EDX is the most suitable for quantitative exposure assessment of MWCNTs in an actual workplace situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Tromp
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Bekker
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium.,IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk AssessmentUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Workers' Exposure to Nano-Objects with Different Dimensionalities in R&D Laboratories: Measurement Strategy and Field Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020349. [PMID: 29364852 PMCID: PMC5855571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing interest in the potential benefits of nanotechnologies, concern is still growing that they may present emerging risks for workers. Various strategies have been developed to assess the exposure to nano-objects and their agglomerates and aggregates (NOAA) in the workplace, integrating different aerosol measurement instruments and taking into account multiple parameters that may influence NOAA toxicity. The present study proposes a multi-metric approach for measuring and sampling NOAA in the workplace, applied to three case studies in laboratories each dedicated to materials with different shapes and dimensionalities: graphene, nanowires, and nanoparticles. The study is part of a larger project with the aim of improving risk management tools in nanomaterials research laboratories. The harmonized methodology proposed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been applied, including information gathering about materials and processes, measurements with easy-to-use and hand-held real-time devices, air sampling with personal samplers, and off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy. Significant values beyond which an emission can be attributed to the NOAA production process were identified by comparison of the particle number concentration (PNC) time series and the corresponding background levels in the three laboratories. We explored the relations between background PNC and microclimatic parameters. Morphological and elemental analysis of sampled filters was done to identify possible emission sources of NOAA during the production processes: rare particles, spherical, with average diameter similar to the produced NOAA were identified in the nanoparticles laboratory, so further investigation is recommended to confirm the potential for worker exposure. In conclusion, the information obtained should provide a valuable basis for improving risk management strategies in the laboratory at work.
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Cooper MR, West GH, Burrelli LG, Dresser D, Griffin KN, Segrave AM, Perrenoud J, Lippy BE. Inhalation exposure during spray application and subsequent sanding of a wood sealant containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:510-522. [PMID: 28406371 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1296237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled construction products have entered into commerce. There are concerns about the safety of manufactured nanomaterials, and exposure assessments are needed for a more complete understanding of risk. This study assessed potential inhalation exposure to ZnO nanoparticles during spray application and power sanding of a commercially available wood sealant and evaluated the effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation in reducing exposure. A tradesperson performed the spraying and sanding inside an environmentally-controlled chamber. Dust control methods during sanding were compared. Filter-based sampling, electron microscopy, and real-time particle counters provided measures of exposure. Airborne nanoparticles above background levels were detected by particle counters for all exposure scenarios. Nanoparticle number concentrations and particle size distributions were similar for sanding of treated versus untreated wood. Very few unbound nanoparticles were detected in aerosol samples via electron microscopy, rather nano-sized ZnO was contained within, or on the surface of larger airborne particles. Whether the presence of nanoscale ZnO in these aerosols affects toxicity merits further investigation. Mass-based exposure measurements were below the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit for Zn, although there are no established exposure limits for nanoscale ZnO. Local exhaust ventilation was effective, reducing airborne nanoparticle number concentrations by up to 92% and reducing personal exposure to total dust by at least 80% in terms of mass. Given the discrepancies between the particle count data and electron microscopy observations, the chemical identity of the airborne nanoparticles detected by the particle counters remains uncertain. Prior studies attributed the main source of nanoparticle emissions during sanding to copper nanoparticles generated from electric sander motors. Potentially contrary results are presented suggesting the sander motor may not have been the primary source of nanoparticle emissions in this study. Further research is needed to understand potential risks faced by construction workers exposed to mixed aerosols containing manufactured nanomaterials. Until these risks are better understood, this study demonstrates that engineering controls can reduce exposure to manufactured nanomaterials; doing so may be prudent for protecting worker health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Cooper
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | - Gavin H West
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Alan M Segrave
- c Bureau Veritas North America, Inc. , Kennesaw , Georgia
| | - Jon Perrenoud
- c Bureau Veritas North America, Inc. , Kennesaw , Georgia
| | - Bruce E Lippy
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Brouwer D, le Feber M, Fransman W. Understanding workers' exposure: Systematic review and data-analysis of emission potential for NOAA. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:349-359. [PMID: 27801630 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1252843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational handling of NOAA. Analyses were made per source domain to derive emission levels which can be used for models to quantitatively predict the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Bekker
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- b Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - D Brouwer
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- c School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, RSA , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Gulumian M, Verbeek J, Andraos C, Sanabria N, de Jager P. Systematic Review of Screening and Surveillance Programs to Protect Workers from Nanomaterials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166071. [PMID: 27829014 PMCID: PMC5102462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screening and surveillance approaches for workers exposed to nanomaterials could aid in early detection of health effects, provide data for epidemiological studies and inform action to decrease exposure. The aim of this review is to identify such screening and surveillance approaches, in order to extract available data regarding (i) the studies that have successfully been implemented in present day, (ii) identification of the most common and/or toxic nano-related health hazards for workers and (iii) possible exposure surveillance markers. This review contributes to the current understanding of the risk associated with nanomaterials by determining the knowledge gap and making recommendations based on current findings. Methods A systematic review was conducted. PubMed and Embase were searched to identify articles reporting on any surveillance-related study that described both exposure to nanomaterials and the health indicators that were measured. Four reviewers worked in pairs to independently assess the eligibility of studies and risk of bias before extraction of data. Studies were categorised according to the type of study and the medical surveillance performed, which included the type of nanomaterial, any exposure details provided, as well as health indicators and biomarkers tested. Results Initially 92 studies were identified, from which 84 full texts were assessed for eligibility. Seven studies met all the inclusion criteria, i.e. those performed in Taiwan, Korea, Czech Republic and the US. Of these, six compared health indicators between exposed and unexposed workers and one study described a surveillance program. All studies were at a high risk of bias. Workers were exposed to a mix of nanomaterials in three studies, carbon-based nanomaterials in two studies, nano-silver in one study and nano-titanium oxide in the other study. Two studies did not find a difference in biomarkers between exposed and unexposed workers. In addition, differences in early effects on pulmonary function or neurobehavioral tests were not observed. One study found an increased prevalence of allergic dermatitis and “sneezing” in the exposed group. Conclusions This review of recently published data on surveillance studies proves that there is a gap in the current knowledge, where most of the surveillance-related studies reported do not follow a set format that provides the required information on ENM characterisation, the type of exposure and the measured indicators/biomarkers. Hence, there is very low quality evidence that screening and surveillance might detect adverse health effects associated with workplace exposure. This systematic review is relevant because it proves that, although surveillance programs have been initiated and preliminary results are being published, the current studies are actually not answering the important questions or solving the overall problem regarding what the potential health hazards are among workers either handling or potentially exposed to ENMs. The recommendations, thus proposed, are based on an obvious need for (i) exposure registries, where longitudinal follow-up studies should inform surveillance, (ii) known exposure measurements or summary indices for ENMs as a reference (iii) validation of candidate biomarkers and (iv) studies that compare the effects of these surveillance approaches to usual care, e.g. those commonly followed for bulk-size hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gulumian
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Jos Verbeek
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charlene Andraos
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natasha Sanabria
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pieter de Jager
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Brenner SA, Neu-Baker NM, Eastlake AC, Beaucham CC, Geraci CL. NIOSH field studies team assessment: Worker exposure to aerosolized metal oxide nanoparticles in a semiconductor fabrication facility. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:871-80. [PMID: 27171535 PMCID: PMC5016214 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1183015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of engineered nanomaterials-particulate materials measuring approximately 1-100 nanometers (nm) on their smallest axis, intentionally engineered to express novel properties-in semiconductor fabrication poses unique issues for protecting worker health and safety. Use of new substances or substances in a new form may present hazards that have yet to be characterized for their acute or chronic health effects. Uncharacterized or emerging occupational health hazards may exist when there is insufficient validated hazard data available to make a decision on potential hazard and risk to exposed workers under condition of use. To advance the knowledge of potential worker exposure to engineered nanomaterials, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Nanotechnology Field Studies Team conducted an on-site field evaluation in collaboration with on-site researchers at a semiconductor research and development facility on April 18-21, 2011. The Nanomaterial Exposure Assessment Technique (2.0) was used to perform a complete exposure assessment. A combination of filter-based sampling and direct-reading instruments was used to identify, characterize, and quantify the potential for worker inhalation exposure to airborne alumina and amorphous silica nanoparticles associated with th e chemical mechanical planarization wafer polishing process. Engineering controls and work practices were evaluated to characterize tasks that might contribute to potential exposures and to assess existing engineering controls. Metal oxide structures were identified in all sampling areas, as individual nanoparticles and agglomerates ranging in size from 60 nm to >1,000 nm, with varying structure morphology, from long and narrow to compact. Filter-based samples indicated very little aerosolized material in task areas or worker breathing zone. Direct-reading instrument data indicated increased particle counts relative to background in the wastewater treatment area; however, particle counts were very low overall, indicating a well-controlled working environment. Recommendations for employees handling or potentially exposed to engineered nanomaterials include hazard communication, standard operating procedures, conservative ventilation systems, and prevention through design in locations where engineered nanomaterials are used or stored, and routine air sampling for occupational exposure assessment and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Brenner
- State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York, 12203, United States
| | - Nicole M. Neu-Baker
- State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, New York, 12203, United States
| | - Adrienne C. Eastlake
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, United States
| | - Catherine C. Beaucham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, United States
| | - Charles L. Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45226, United States
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McGarry P, Clifford S, Knibbs LD, He C, Morawska L. Application of multi-metric approach to characterization of particle emissions from nanotechnology and non-nanotechnology processes. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:D175-D197. [PMID: 27586267 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter McGarry
- a International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
- b Office of Industrial Relations , Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, Queensland Treasury , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Sam Clifford
- a International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- a International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
- c School of Public Health , The University of Queensland , Herston , Queensland , Australia
| | - Congrong He
- a International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- a International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Brenner SA, Neu-Baker NM, Caglayan C, Zurbenko IG. Occupational exposure to airborne nanomaterials: An assessment of worker exposure to aerosolized metal oxide nanoparticles in a semiconductor fab and subfab. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:D138-D147. [PMID: 27135871 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1183012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This occupational exposure assessment study characterized potential inhalation exposures of workers to engineered nanomaterials associated with chemical mechanical planarization wafer polishing processes in a semiconductor research and development facility. Air sampling methodology was designed to capture airborne metal oxide nanoparticles for characterization. The research team obtained air samples in the fab and subfab areas using a combination of filter-based capture methods to determine particle morphology and elemental composition and real-time direct-reading instruments to determine airborne particle counts. Filter-based samples were analyzed by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy while real-time particle counting data underwent statistical analysis. Sampling was conducted during worker tasks associated with preventive maintenance and quality control that were identified as having medium to high potential for inhalation exposure based on qualitative assessments. For each sampling event, data was collected for comparison between the background, task area, and personal breathing zone. Sampling conducted over nine months included five discrete sampling series events in coordination with on-site employees under real working conditions. The number of filter-based samples captured was: eight from worker personal breathing zones; seven from task areas; and five from backgrounds. A complementary suite of direct-reading instruments collected data for seven sample collection periods in the task area and six in the background. Engineered nanomaterials of interest (Si, Al, Ce) were identified in filter-based samples from all areas of collection, existing as agglomerates (>500 nm) and nanoparticles (100-500 nm). Particle counts showed an increase in number concentration above background during a subset of the job tasks, but particle counts in the task areas were otherwise not significantly higher than background. Additional data is needed to support further statistical analysis and determine trends; however, this initial investigation suggests that nanoparticles used or generated by the wafer polishing process become aerosolized and may be accessible for inhalation exposures by workers performing tasks in the subfab and fab. Additional research is needed to further quantify the degree of exposure and link these findings to related hazard research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Brenner
- a State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute , College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation , Albany , New York
| | - Nicole M Neu-Baker
- a State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute , College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation , Albany , New York
| | - Cihan Caglayan
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University at Albany, State University of New York , Rensselaer , New York
| | - Igor G Zurbenko
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University at Albany, State University of New York , Rensselaer , New York
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Debia M, Bakhiyi B, Ostiguy C, Verbeek JH, Brouwer DH, Murashov V. A Systematic Review of Reported Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:916-35. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Schulte PA, Roth G, Hodson LL, Murashov V, Hoover MD, Zumwalde R, Kuempel ED, Geraci CL, Stefaniak AB, Castranova V, Howard J. Taking stock of the occupational safety and health challenges of nanotechnology: 2000-2015. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 18:159. [PMID: 27594804 PMCID: PMC5007006 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-016-3459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials significantly entered commerce at the beginning of the 21st century. Concerns about serious potential health effects of nanomaterials were widespread. Now, approximately 15 years later, it is worthwhile to take stock of research and efforts to protect nanomaterial workers from potential risks of adverse health effects. This article provides and examines timelines for major functional areas (toxicology, metrology, exposure assessment, engineering controls and personal protective equipment, risk assessment, risk management, medical surveillance, and epidemiology) to identify significant contributions to worker safety and health. The occupational safety and health field has responded effectively to identify gaps in knowledge and practice, but further research is warranted and is described. There is now a greater, if imperfect, understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle toxicology, hazards to workers, and appropriate controls for nanomaterials, but unified analytical standards and exposure characterization methods are still lacking. The development of control-banding and similar strategies has compensated for incomplete data on exposure and risk, but it is unknown how widely such approaches are being adopted. Although the importance of epidemiologic studies and medical surveillance is recognized, implementation has been slowed by logistical issues. Responsible development of nanotechnology requires protection of workers at all stages of the technological life cycle. In each of the functional areas assessed, progress has been made, but more is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - G. Roth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L. L. Hodson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - V. Murashov
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M. D. Hoover
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R. Zumwalde
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - E. D. Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - C. L. Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A. B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - V. Castranova
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J. Howard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Fransman W, Bekker C, Tromp P, Duis WB. Potential Release of Manufactured Nano Objects During Sanding of Nano-Coated Wood Surfaces. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:875-84. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ham S, Kim S, Lee N, Kim P, Eom I, Lee B, Tsai PJ, Lee K, Yoon C. Comparison of data analysis procedures for real-time nanoparticle sampling data using classical regression and ARIMA models. J Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2016.1182132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghon Ham
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Kim
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Naroo Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Igchun Eom
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungcheun Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Fransman W, Brouwer D, Tromp P, Vlaanderen J, Godderis L, Hoet P, Lan Q, Silverman D, Vermeulen R, Pronk A. Occupational Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes During Commercial Production Synthesis and Handling. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:305-17. [PMID: 26613611 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has increased substantially in the last decade, leading to occupational exposures. There is a paucity of exposure data of workers involved in the commercial production of CNTs. The goals of this study were to assess personal exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during the synthesis and handling of MWCNTs in a commercial production facility and to link these exposure levels to specific activities. Personal full-shift filter-based samples were collected, during commercial production and handling of MWCNTs, R&D activities, and office work. The concentrations of MWCNT were evaluated on the basis of EC concentrations. Associations were studied between observed MWCNT exposure levels and location and activities. SEM analyses showed MWCNTs, present as agglomerates ranging between 200 nm and 100 µm. Exposure levels of MWCNTs observed in the production area during the full scale synthesis of MWCNTs (N = 23) were comparable to levels observed during further handling of MWCNTs (N = 19): (GM (95% lower confidence limit-95% upper confidence limit)) 41 μg m(-3) (20-88) versus 43 μg m(-3) (22-86), respectively. In the R&D area (N = 11) and the office (N = 5), exposure levels of MWCNTs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower: 5 μg m(-3) (2-11) and 7 μg m(-3) (2-28), respectively. Bagging, maintenance of the reactor, and powder conditioning were associated with higher exposure levels in the production area, whereas increased exposure levels in the R&D area were related to handling of MWCNTs powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Bekker
- 1.TNO - PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; 4.IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra Silverman
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rasmussen PE, Avramescu ML, Jayawardene I, Gardner HD. Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Indoor Workplaces Using Elemental Impurities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12888-12896. [PMID: 26451679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated three area sampling approaches for using metal impurities in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to identify CNT releases in workplace environments: air concentrations (μg/m3), surface loadings (μg/cm2), and passive deposition rates (μg/m2/h). Correlations between metal impurities and CNTs were evaluated by collecting simultaneous colocated area samples for thermal-optical analysis (for CNTs) and ICP-MS analysis (for metals) in a CNT manufacturing facility. CNTs correlated strongly with Co (residual catalyst) and Ni (impurity) in floor surface loadings, and with Co in passive deposition samples. Interpretation of elemental ratios (Co/Fe) assisted in distinguishing among CNT and non-CNT sources of contamination. Stable isotopes of Pb impurities were useful for identifying aerosolized CNTs in the workplace environment of a downstream user, as CNTs from different manufacturers each had distinctive Pb isotope signatures. Pb isotopes were not useful for identifying CNT releases within a CNT manufacturing environment, however, because the CNT signature reflected the indoor background signature. CNT manufacturing companies and downstream users of CNTs will benefit from the availability of alternative and complementary strategies for identifying the presence/absence of CNTs in the workplace and for monitoring the effectiveness of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat E Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
- University of Ottawa , Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mary-Luyza Avramescu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
| | - Innocent Jayawardene
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
| | - H David Gardner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture 0803C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1A 0K9
- University of Ottawa , Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Hussain SM, Warheit DB, Ng SP, Comfort KK, Grabinski CM, Braydich-Stolle LK. At the Crossroads of Nanotoxicologyin vitro: Past Achievements and Current Challenges. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:5-16. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Three-Day Continuous Exposure Monitoring of CNT Manufacturing Workplaces. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:237140. [PMID: 26125022 PMCID: PMC4466344 DOI: 10.1155/2015/237140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring for possible exposure to carbon nanotubes was conducted over a period of 2 to 3 days at workplaces that manufacture multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). To estimate the potential emission of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and potential exposure of workers, personal sampling, area monitoring, and real-time monitoring using an scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and dust monitor were conducted at workplaces where the workers manufactured CNTs. The personal and area sampling of the total suspended particulate (TSP) at the MWCNT manufacturing facilities ranged from 0.031 to 0.254 and from N.D (not detected) to 0.253 mg/m3, respectively. This 2- to 3-day monitoring study found that nanoparticles were released when opening the chemical vapor deposit (CVD) reactor door after the synthesis of MWCNTs, when transferring the MWCNTs to containers and during blending and grinding. However, distinguishing the background concentration from the work process particle emission was complicated due to sustained and even increased particle concentrations after the work processes were terminated. The MWCNTs sampled for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation exhibited a tangled shape with no individual dispersed CNT structures.
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21
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Bekker C, Kuijpers E, Brouwer DH, Vermeulen R, Fransman W. Occupational Exposure to Nano-Objects and Their Agglomerates and Aggregates Across Various Life Cycle Stages; A Broad-Scale Exposure Study. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:681-704. [PMID: 25846362 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to manufactured nano-objects and their agglomerates, and aggregates (NOAA) has been described in several workplace air monitoring studies. However, data pooling for general conclusions and exposure estimates are hampered by limited exposure data across the occupational life cycle of NOAA and a lack in comparability between the methods of collecting and analysing the data. By applying a consistent method of collecting and analysing the workplace exposure data, this study aimed to provide information about the occupational NOAA exposure levels across various life cycle stages of NOAA in the Netherlands which can also be used for multi-purpose use. METHODS Personal/near field task-based exposure data was collected using a multi-source exposure assessment method collecting real time particle number concentration, particle size distribution (PSD), filter-based samples for morphological, and elemental analysis and detailed contextual information. A decision logic was followed allowing a consistent and objective way of analysing the exposure data. RESULTS In total, 46 measurement surveys were conducted at 15 companies covering 18 different exposure situations across various occupational life cycle stages of NOAA. Highest activity-effect levels were found during replacement of big bags (<1000-76000 # cm(-3)), mixing/dumping of powders manually (<1000-52000 # cm(-3)) and mechanically (<1000-100000 # cm(-3)), and spraying of liquid (2000-800000 # cm(-3)) showing a high variability between and within the various exposure situations. In general, a limited change in PSD was found during the activity compared to the background. CONCLUSIONS This broad-scale exposure study gives a comprehensive overview of the NOAA exposure situations in the Netherlands and an indication of the levels of occupational exposure to NOAA across various life cycle of NOAA. The collected workplace exposure data and contextual information will serve as basis for future pooling of data and modelling of worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bekker
- 1.Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands 2.TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- 1.Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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22
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O'Shaughnessy P, Cavanaugh JE. Performing T-tests to Compare Autocorrelated Time Series Data Collected from Direct-Reading Instruments. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:743-752. [PMID: 26011524 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1044603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial hygienists now commonly use direct-reading instruments to evaluate hazards in the workplace. The stored values over time from these instruments constitute a time series of measurements that are often autocorrelated. Given the need to statistically compare two occupational scenarios using values from a direct-reading instrument, a t-test must consider measurement autocorrelation or the resulting test will have a largely inflated type-1 error probability (false rejection of the null hypothesis). A method is described for both the one-sample and two-sample cases which properly adjusts for autocorrelation. This method involves the computation of an "equivalent sample size" that effectively decreases the actual sample size when determining the standard error of the mean for the time series. An example is provided for the one-sample case, and an example is given where a two-sample t-test is conducted for two autocorrelated time series comprised of lognormally distributed measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Shaughnessy
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa
| | - Joseph E Cavanaugh
- b Department of Biostatistics , College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa
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23
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Brenner SA, Neu-Baker NM, Caglayan C, Zurbenko IG. Occupational Exposure to Airborne Nanomaterials: An Assessment of Worker Exposure to Aerosolized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Semiconductor Wastewater Treatment. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:469-481. [PMID: 25738602 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1018515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized potential inhalation exposures of workers to nanometal oxides associated with industrial wastewater treatment processes in a semiconductor research and development facility. Exposure assessment methodology was designed to capture aerosolized engineered nanomaterials associated with the chemical mechanical planarization wafer polishing process that were accessible for worker contact via inhalation in the on-site wastewater treatment facility. The research team conducted air sampling using a combination of filter-based capture methods for particle identification and characterization and real-time direct-reading instruments for semi-quantitation of particle number concentration. Filter-based samples were analyzed using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy while real-time particle counting data underwent statistical analysis. Sampling conducted over 14 months included 5 discrete sampling series events for 7 job tasks in coordination with on-site employees. The number of filter-based samples captured for analysis by electron microscopy was: 5 from personal breathing zone, 4 from task areas, and 3 from the background. Direct-reading instruments collected data for 5 sample collection periods in the task area and the background, and 2 extended background collection periods. Engineered nanomaterials of interest (Si, Al, Ce) were identified by electron microscopy in filter-based samples from all areas of collection, existing as agglomerates (>500 nm) and nanoparticles (100 nm-500 nm). Particle counts showed an increase in number concentration during and after selected tasks above background. While additional data is needed to support further statistical analysis and determine trends, this initial investigation suggests that nanoparticles used or generated by chemical mechanical planarization become aerosolized and may be accessible for inhalation exposures by workers in wastewater treatment facilities. Additional research is needed to further quantify the level of exposure and determine the potential human health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Brenner
- a State University of New York (SUNY) Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation , Albany , New York
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Juric A, Meldrum R, Liberda EN. Achieving Control of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:501-508. [PMID: 25635953 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1011329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposures resulting from Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) can pose a challenge for applying traditional risk assessment, control, or evaluation standards. This article discusses the limitations in traditional risk management approaches when it comes to ENM exposures, reviews current monitoring options, and suggests an interim management framework until research can meet the standard of evidence required by legislators. The proposed Nanomaterial Occupational Exposure Management Model (NOEM) offers a pragmatic approach that integrates resources from current academic research to provide a framework that can be applied by both industry and regulators. The NOEM Model focuses on addressing three concerns to exposure management: Risk Assessment, Exposure Control, and Exposure Monitoring. The resources supported for meeting these three components involve the integration of the Control Banding Nanotool and Nano Reference Values, both of which have been piloted and accepted through peer-reviewed processes and industry consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Juric
- a Ryerson University, School of Occupational and Public Health , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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25
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Pietroiusti A, Magrini A. Engineered nanoparticles at the workplace: current knowledge about workers' risk. Occup Med (Lond) 2014; 64:319-30. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gordon SC, Butala JH, Carter JM, Elder A, Gordon T, Gray G, Sayre PG, Schulte PA, Tsai CS, West J. Workshop report: strategies for setting occupational exposure limits for engineered nanomaterials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:305-11. [PMID: 24462629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are important tools for managing worker exposures to chemicals; however, hazard data for many engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are insufficient for deriving OELs by traditional methods. Technical challenges and questions about how best to measure worker exposures to ENMs also pose barriers to implementing OELs. New varieties of ENMs are being developed and introduced into commerce at a rapid pace, further compounding the issue of OEL development for ENMs. A Workshop on Strategies for Setting Occupational Exposure Limits for Engineered Nanomaterials, held in September 2012, provided an opportunity for occupational health experts from various stakeholder groups to discuss possible alternative approaches for setting OELs for ENMs and issues related to their implementation. This report summarizes the workshop proceedings and findings, identifies areas for additional research, and suggests potential avenues for further progress on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gordon
- 3M Company, Toxicology Assessment and Compliance Assurance, 3M Center, Bldg. 220-6E-03, Saint Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - John H Butala
- Toxicology Consultants, Inc., 7 Glasgow Road, Gibsonia, PA 15044, USA.
| | - Janet M Carter
- U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20210, USA.
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dept. of Environmental Medicine, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Terry Gordon
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA.
| | - George Gray
- George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Risk Science and Public Health, 2100 M Street NW, Suite 203A, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Philip G Sayre
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Mail Code 7403), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
| | - Candace S Tsai
- Purdue University, School of Health Sciences, Delon and Elizabeth Hampton Hall of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jay West
- American Chemistry Council, Nanotechnology Panel, 700 2nd Street NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA.
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Effect of nanoparticles exposure on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in workers exposed to nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:878-94. [PMID: 24413755 PMCID: PMC3907844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement is a useful diagnostic test of airway inflammation. However, there have been few studies of FENO in workers exposed to nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nanoparticle (NP) exposure on FENO and to assess whether the FENO is increased in workers exposed to nanomaterials (NM). In this study, both exposed workers and non-exposed controls were recruited from NM handling plants in Taiwan. A total of 437 subjects (exposed group = 241, non-exposed group = 196) completed the FENO and spirometric measurements from 2009–2011. The authors used a control-banding (CB) matrix to categorize the risk level of each participant. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, this study found a significant association between risk level 2 of NP exposure and FENO. Furthermore, asthma, allergic rhinitis, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and NF-κB were also significantly associated with FENO. When the multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted for confounders, nano-TiO2 in all of the NM exposed categories had a significantly increased risk in FENO > 35 ppb. This study found associations between the risk level of NP exposure and FENO (particularly noteworthy for Nano-TiO2). Monitoring FENO in the lung could open up a window into the role nitric oxide (NO) may play in pathogenesis.
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Hedmer M, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Ludvigsson L, Messing ME, Genberg J, Skaug V, Bohgard M, Tinnerberg H, Pagels JH. Exposure and emission measurements during production, purification, and functionalization of arc-discharge-produced multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:355-79. [PMID: 24389082 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly growing. With increased production, there is potential that the number of occupational exposed workers will rapidly increase. Toxicological studies on rats have shown effects in the lungs, e.g., inflammation, granuloma formation, and fibrosis after repeated inhalation exposure to some forms of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). Still, when it comes to health effects, it is unknown which dose metric is most relevant. Limited exposure data for CNTs exist today and no legally enforced occupational exposure limits are yet established. The aim of this work was to quantify the occupational exposures and emissions during arc discharge production, purification, and functionalization of MWCNTs. The CNT material handled typically had a mean length <5 μm. Since most of the collected airborne CNTs did not fulfil the World Health Organization fibre dimensions (79% of the counted CNT-containing particles) and since no microscopy-based method for counting of CNTs exists, we decided to count all particle that contained CNTs. To investigate correlations between the used exposure metrics, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. METHODS Exposure measurements were performed at a small-scale producer of MWCNTs and respirable fractions of dust concentrations, elemental carbon (EC) concentrations, and number concentrations of CNT-containing particles were measured in the workers' breathing zones with filter-based methods during work. Additionally, emission measurements near the source were carried out during different work tasks. Respirable dust was gravimetrically determined; EC was analysed with thermal-optical analysis and the number of CNT-containing particles was analysed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS For the personal exposure measurements, respirable dust ranged between <73 and 93 μg m(-3), EC ranged between <0.08 and 7.4 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between 0.04 and 2.0 cm(-3). For the emission measurements, respirable dust ranged between <2800 and 6800 μg m(-3), EC ranged between 0.05 and 550 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between <0.20 and 11cm(-3). CONCLUSIONS The highest exposure to CNTs occurred during production of CNTs. The highest emitted number concentration of CNT-containing particles occurred in the sieving, mechanical work-up, pouring, weighing, and packaging of CNT powder during the production stage. To be able to quantify exposures and emissions of CNTs, a selective and sensitive method is needed. Limitations with measuring EC and respirable dust are that these exposure metrics do not measure CNTs specifically. Only filter-based methods with electron microscopy analysis are, to date, selective and sensitive enough. This study showed that counting of CNT-containing particles is the method that fulfils those criteria and is therefore the method recommended for future quantification of CNT exposures. However, CNTs could be highly toxic not only because of their length but also because they could contain, for example transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or have surface defects. Lack of standardized counting criteria for CNTs to be applied at the electron microscopy analysis is a limiting factor, which makes it difficult to compare exposure data from different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- 1. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Schulte PA, Geraci CL, Murashov V, Kuempel ED, Zumwalde RD, Castranova V, Hoover MD, Hodson L, Martinez KF. Occupational safety and health criteria for responsible development of nanotechnology. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 16:2153. [PMID: 24482607 PMCID: PMC3890581 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-2153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organizations around the world have called for the responsible development of nanotechnology. The goals of this approach are to emphasize the importance of considering and controlling the potential adverse impacts of nanotechnology in order to develop its capabilities and benefits. A primary area of concern is the potential adverse impact on workers, since they are the first people in society who are exposed to the potential hazards of nanotechnology. Occupational safety and health criteria for defining what constitutes responsible development of nanotechnology are needed. This article presents five criterion actions that should be practiced by decision-makers at the business and societal levels-if nanotechnology is to be developed responsibly. These include (1) anticipate, identify, and track potentially hazardous nanomaterials in the workplace; (2) assess workers' exposures to nanomaterials; (3) assess and communicate hazards and risks to workers; (4) manage occupational safety and health risks; and (5) foster the safe development of nanotechnology and realization of its societal and commercial benefits. All these criteria are necessary for responsible development to occur. Since it is early in the commercialization of nanotechnology, there are still many unknowns and concerns about nanomaterials. Therefore, it is prudent to treat them as potentially hazardous until sufficient toxicology, and exposure data are gathered for nanomaterial-specific hazard and risk assessments. In this emergent period, it is necessary to be clear about the extent of uncertainty and the need for prudent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - C. L. Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - V. Murashov
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - E. D. Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - R. D. Zumwalde
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - V. Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - M. D. Hoover
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - L. Hodson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - K. F. Martinez
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
- Hassett Willis and Co., Washington, DC USA
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Liao HY, Chung YT, Lai CH, Wang SL, Chiang HC, Li LA, Tsou TC, Li WF, Lee HL, Wu WT, Lin MH, Hsu JH, Ho JJ, Chen CJ, Shih TS, Lin CC, Liou SH. Six-month follow-up study of health markers of nanomaterials among workers handling engineered nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8 Suppl 1:100-10. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.858793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Liao
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Yu-Teh Chung
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Lih-Ann Li
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Wan-Fen Li
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, and
| | - Wei-Te Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Ming-Hsiu Lin
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Huei Hsu
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiune-Jye Ho
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Jong Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Shih
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chi Lin
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
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An Occupational Exposure Assessment for Engineered Nanoparticles Used in Semiconductor Fabrication. THE ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2013; 58:251-65. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hunt G, Lynch I, Cassee F, Handy RD, Fernandes TF, Berges M, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Dusinska M, Riediker M. Towards a Consensus View on Understanding Nanomaterials Hazards and Managing Exposure: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:1090-1117. [PMID: 28809359 PMCID: PMC5512966 DOI: 10.3390/ma6031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present an overview of salient issues of exposure, characterisation and hazard assessment of nanomaterials as they emerged from the consensus-building of experts undertaken within the four year European Commission coordination project NanoImpactNet. The approach adopted is to consolidate and condense the findings and problem-identification in such a way as to identify knowledge-gaps and generate a set of interim recommendations of use to industry, regulators, research bodies and funders. The categories of recommendation arising from the consensual view address: significant gaps in vital factual knowledge of exposure, characterisation and hazards; the development, dissemination and standardisation of appropriate laboratory protocols; address a wide range of technical issues in establishing an adequate risk assessment platform; the more efficient and coordinated gathering of basic data; greater inter-organisational cooperation; regulatory harmonization; the wider use of the life-cycle approaches; and the wider involvement of all stakeholders in the discussion and solution-finding efforts for nanosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Hunt
- Centre for Bioethics & Emerging Technologies, St Mary's University College, London, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, UK.
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard D Handy
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, The University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Markus Berges
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV), Alte Heerstr 111, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.
| | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), D-47229 Duisburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway.
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, Rte de la Corniche 2, Epalinges-Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland.
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De Vocht F, Northage C, Money C, Cherrie JW, Rajan-Sithamparanadarajah B, Egeghy P, Niven K, Demers P, Van Tongeren M. The future of exposure assessment: perspectives from the X2012 Conference. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2013; 57:280-5. [PMID: 23482456 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The British Occupational Hygiene Society, in collaboration with the Institute of Occupational Medicine, the University of Manchester, the UK Health and Safety Executive, and the University of Aberdeen hosted the 7th International Conference on the Science of Exposure Assessment (X2012) on 2 July-5 July 2012 in Edinburgh, UK. The conference ended with a special session at which invited speakers from government, industry, independent research institutes, and academia were asked to reflect on the conference and discuss what may now constitute the important highlights or drivers of future exposure assessment research. This article summarizes these discussions with respect to current and future technical and methodological developments. For the exposure science community to continue to have an impact in protecting public health, additional efforts need to be made to improve partnerships and cross-disciplinary collaborations, although it is equally important to ensure that the traditional occupational exposure themes are still covered as these issues are becoming increasingly important in the developing world. To facilitate this the 'X' conferences should continue to retain a holistic approach to occupational and non-occupational exposures and should actively pursue collaborations with other disciplines and professional organizations to increase the presence of consumer and environmental exposure scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank De Vocht
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Hristozov DR, Gottardo S, Cinelli M, Isigonis P, Zabeo A, Critto A, Van Tongeren M, Tran L, Marcomini A. Application of a quantitative weight of evidence approach for ranking and prioritising occupational exposure scenarios for titanium dioxide and carbon nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:117-31. [PMID: 23244341 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.760013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Substantial limitations and uncertainties hinder the exposure assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The present deficit of reliable measurements and models will inevitably lead in the near term to qualitative and uncertain exposure estimations, which may fail to support adequate risk assessment and management. Therefore it is necessary to complement the current toolset with user-friendly methods for near-term nanosafety evaluation. This paper proposes an approach for relative exposure screening of ENMs. For the first time, an exposure model explicitly implements quantitative weight of evidence (WoE) methods and utilises expert judgement for filling data gaps in the available evidence-base. Application of the framework is illustrated for screening of exposure scenarios for nanoscale titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, but it is applicable to other nanomaterials as well. The results show that the WoE-based model overestimates exposure for scenarios where expert judgement was substantially used to fill data gaps, which suggests its conservative nature. In order to test how variations in input data influence the obtained results, probabilistic Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was applied to demonstrate that the model performs in stable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danail R Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice , Venice , Italy
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Kim B, Lee JS, Choi BS, Park SY, Yoon JH, Kim H. Ultrafine particle characteristics in a rubber manufacturing factory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:728-39. [PMID: 23307862 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to epidemiological research, exposure to rubber fumes can cause various types of cancer and can lead to an increase in death rate because of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES In this study, we have assessed the characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted into the air during the manufacturing of rubber products using waste tires. METHODS To assess the aerosol distribution of rubber fumes in the workplace from a product during curing, we have performed particle number concentration mapping using a handheld condensation particle counter. The particle number concentration of each process, count median diameter (CMD), and nanoparticle ratio (<100nm) were determined using an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), and the surface area concentration was determined using a surface area monitor. The shape and composition of the sampled rubber fumes were analyzed using an ELPI-transmission electron microscopy grid method. Further, the rubber fume mass concentration was determined according to the Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances 47/2. RESULTS The results of particle mapping show that the rubber fumes were distributed throughout the air of the workplace. The concentration was the highest during the final process of the work. The particle number concentration and the surface area concentration were 545 000cm(-3) and 640 µm(2) cm(-3), respectively, approximately 10- and 4-fold higher than those in the outdoor background. During the final process, the CMD and the nanoparticle ratio were 26nm and 94%, respectively. Most of the rubber fume particles had a compact shape because of the coagulation between particles. The main components of these fumes were silicon and sulfur, and heavy metals such as zinc were detected in certain particles. The filter concentration of the rubber fumes was 0.22mg m(-3), lower than the UK workplace exposure limit of 0.6mg m(-3). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the rubber manufacturing process is a potentially dangerous process that produces a high concentration of specific nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boowook Kim
- Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Ansan, South Korea
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Schulte PA, Geraci CL, Hodson LL, Zumwalde RD, Kuempel ED, Murashov V, Martinez KF, Heidel DS. Overview of Risk Management for Engineered Nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES 2013; 429:012062. [PMID: 26339275 PMCID: PMC4556602 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is considered a new and challenging occurrence. Preliminary information from laboratory studies indicates that workers exposed to some kinds of ENMs could be at risk of adverse health effects. To protect the nanomaterial workforce, a precautionary risk management approach is warranted and given the newness of ENMs and emergence of nanotechnology, a naturalistic view of risk management is useful. Employers have the primary responsibility for providing a safe and healthy workplace. This is achieved by identifying and managing risks which include recognition of hazards, assessing exposures, characterizing actual risk, and implementing measures to control those risks. Following traditional risk management models for nanomaterials is challenging because of uncertainties about the nature of hazards, issues in exposure assessment, questions about appropriate control methods, and lack of occupational exposure limits (OELs) or nano-specific regulations. In the absence of OELs specific for nanomaterials, a precautionary approach has been recommended in many countries. The precautionary approach entails minimizing exposures by using engineering controls and personal protective equipment (PPE). Generally, risk management utilizes the hierarchy of controls. Ideally, risk management for nanomaterials should be part of an enterprise-wide risk management program or system and this should include both risk control and a medical surveillance program that assesses the frequency of adverse effects among groups of workers exposed to nanomaterials. In some cases, the medical surveillance could include medical screening of individual workers to detect early signs of work-related illnesses. All medical surveillance should be used to assess the effectiveness of risk management; however, medical surveillance should be considered as a second line of defense to ensure that implemented risk management practices are effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - CL Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - LL Hodson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - RD Zumwalde
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - ED Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - V Murashov
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - KF Martinez
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - DS Heidel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heath, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14, Cincinnati, OH 45226
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Dahm MM, Evans DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Birch ME, Deddens JA. Occupational exposure assessment in carbon nanotube and nanofiber primary and secondary manufacturers: mobile direct-reading sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:328-44. [PMID: 23100605 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE: Toxicological evidence suggests the potential for a wide range of health effects from exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). To date, there has been much focus on the use of direct-reading instruments (DRIs) to assess multiple airborne exposure metrics for potential exposures to CNTs and CNFs due to their ease of use and ability to provide instantaneous results. Still, uncertainty exists in the usefulness and interpretation of the data. To address this gap, air-monitoring was conducted at six sites identified as CNT and CNF manufacturers or users and results were compared with filter-based metrics. METHODS Particle number, respirable mass, and active surface area concentrations were monitored with a condensation particle counter, a photometer, and a diffusion charger, respectively. The instruments were placed on a mobile cart and used as area monitors in parallel with filter-based elemental carbon (EC) and electron microscopy samples. Repeat samples were collected on consecutive days, when possible, during the same processes. All instruments in this study are portable and routinely used for industrial hygiene sampling. RESULTS Differences were not observed among the various sampled processes compared with concurrent indoor or outdoor background samples while examining the different DRI exposure metrics. Such data were also inconsistent with results for filter-based samples collected concurrently at the same sites [Dahm MM, Evans DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK et al. (2012) Occupational exposure assessment in CNT and nanofiber primary and secondary manufacturers. Ann Occup Hyg; 56: 542-56]. Significant variability was seen between these processes as well as the indoor and outdoor backgrounds. However, no clear pattern emerged linking the DRI results to the EC or the microscopy data (CNT and CNF structure counts). CONCLUSIONS Overall, no consistent trends were seen among similar processes at the various sites. The DRI instruments employed were limited in their usefulness in assessing and quantifying potential exposures at the sampled sites but were helpful for hypothesis generation, control technology evaluations, and other air quality issues. The DRIs employed are nonspecific, aerosol monitors, and, therefore, subject to interferences. As such, it is necessary to collect samples for analysis by more selective, time-integrated, laboratory-based methods to confirm and quantify exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, Industrywide Studies Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-R14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Ham S, Yoon C, Lee E, Lee K, Park D, Chung E, Kim P, Lee B. Task-based exposure assessment of nanoparticles in the workplace. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH 2012; 14:1126. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-012-1126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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