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Gefitinib-Induced Cutaneous Toxicities in Brown Norway Rats Are Associated with Macrophage Infiltration. Inflammation 2020; 43:2137-2146. [PMID: 33025329 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa), is a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), used in the targeted treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Skin toxicity is the major adverse effect observed in patients treated with EGFR-targeted TKIs such as gefitinib and erlotinib. To date, a corresponding skin animal model has not been established to address the mechanisms of these effects. Therefore, we analyzed the skin rash phenotype and its pathological features in Brown Norway (BN) rats treated with gefitinib 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg, or 10 mg/100 g/day for 4 weeks. We found that treatment with gefitinib led to weight loss, rash, itching, and hair loss in a dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the skin pathology and found that the animal model showed thickening of the epidermis, loss of moisture, and apoptosis of keratinocytes. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and analysis of monocytes and leukocytes in the blood revealed increased macrophage infiltration was associated with the cutaneous toxicities induced by gefitinib in the BN rats. Finally, we found that gefitinib-induced cutaneous toxicity is significantly associated with three inflammatory cytokines known to be secreted by activated macrophages, TREM-1, CINC-2, and CINC-3.
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Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:491-502. [PMID: 28611480 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2562] [Impact Index Per Article: 366.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Robert Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 7119 S. Glencoe Court, Centennial, Colorado 80122, USA
| | - Susan L Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2500 University Drive, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seppo J Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Karen Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, 73 Avenue E Mounier, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Targid - Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, BE 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
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Brandi G, Venturi M, Dika E, Maibach H, Patrizi A, Biasco G. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis due to erlotinib: just an adverse event or also a putative marker of drug efficacy? Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013; 32:336-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.780179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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