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Trifylli EM, Koustas E, Papadopoulos N, Sarantis P, Aloizos G, Damaskos C, Garmpis N, Garmpi A, Karamouzis MV. An Insight into the Novel Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050665. [PMID: 35629333 PMCID: PMC9146702 DOI: 10.3390/life12050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) constitute highly malignant forms of primary liver cancers. Hepatocellular and bile duct carcinogenesis is a multiplex process, caused by various genetic and epigenetic alterations, the influence of environmental factors, as well as the implication of the gut microbiome, which was undervalued in the previous years. The molecular and immunological analysis of the above malignancies, as well as the identification of the crucial role of intestinal microbiota for hepatic and biliary pathogenesis, opened the horizon for novel therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy, and enhanced the overall survival of cancer patients. Some of the immunotherapy strategies that are either clinically applied or under pre-clinical studies include monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint blockade, cancer vaccines, as well as the utilization of oncolytic viral vectors and Chimeric antigen, receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy. In this current review, we will shed light on the recent therapeutic modalities for the above primary liver cancers, as well as on the methods for the enhancement and optimization of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Myrto Trifylli
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (N.P.); (G.A.)
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (N.P.); (G.A.)
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (N.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Georgios Aloizos
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (N.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Christos Damaskos
- N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Renal Transplantation Unit, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Garmpis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11572 Athens, Greece;
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna Garmpi
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
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