ESMO Consensus Conference on malignant lymphoma: management of 'ultra-high-risk' patients

Biological Findings and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated With R-CHOP Plus High-Dose Methotrexate as First-Line Therapy in Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Testis Involvement

Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a rare occurrence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that accounts for 1%-2% of all cases. Nodal DLBCL with testis involvement (DLBCL-T) and PTL are associated with poor prognosis, with high incidence of central nervous system relapse. Fifteen patients (median age 60 years) with PTL (n = 5) or DLBCL-T (n = 10) received high-dose methotrexate + R-CHOP. Overall, complete response (CR) rate was 73% and overall response rate 86%. With a 3.9-year median follow-up, 100% of patients with PTL had CR and none relapsed. On the contrary, 55% of DLBCL-T patients achieved CR among which only one was still in remission at the end of follow-up. Molecular parallels between PTL and Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) suggest shared origins, urging further research for tailored treatments and enhanced understanding of these lymphomas' biology.

Central nervous system lymphomas-Assessment and treatment and prevention of central nervous system relapse

In this review focused on lymphoma and the central nervous system (CNS), we summarize recent developments in the management of primary (PCNSL) and secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL), treatment of CNS lymphoma in the older population, the neuroradiological assessment of CNS lymphoma and finally highlight the ongoing debate on optimal CNS prophylaxis. The section on PCNSL focuses on the different approaches available for frontline treatment in Europe and the United States and discusses consolidation strategies. We then highlight available strategies to treat PCNSL in the elderly population, an area of unmet need. New therapies aiming at minimizing toxicity and prioritizing quality of life are emerging for these patients. Secondary CNS lymphoma, especially in the relapsed/refractory setting is another area of unmet need, and the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy is being explored. We provide an overview of the imaging challenges in the neuroradiological assessment of CNS lymphoma. Finally, the section on CNS prophylaxis summarizes recent findings from large retrospective studies challenging the efficacy of present approaches to prophylaxis in higher-risk patients with lymphoma.

Identification, risk factors, and clinical course of CNS relapse in DLBCL patients across 19 prospective phase 2 and 3 trials-a LYSA and GLA/ DSHNHL collaboration

Progression or relapse in the central nervous system (CNS) remains a rare but mostly fatal event for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In a retrospective analysis of 5189 patients treated within 19 prospective German and French phase 2/3 trials, we identified 159 patients experiencing a CNS event (relapse: 62%, progression: 38%). Intracerebral, meningeal, intraspinal, or combined involvement was reported in 44%, 31%, 3%, and 22% of patients, respectively. 62 of 155 evaluable patients (40%) showed concurrent systemic progression/ relapse. 82% of all CNS events occurred within two years after study inclusion or randomization. 87% of patients showed extranodal involvement outside the CNS. Patients generally had poor outcomes with a median overall survival (OS) of 3.4 months (95% CI 2.9-4.2) and a 2-year OS of 15% (10-22%). Outcomes did not differ depending on the site or time point of CNS events. Patients with isolated CNS events demonstrated significantly better OS (p = 0.023). Twenty-five patients were consolidated with autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation and achieved a 3-year OS of 36% (20-66%). This large study including more than 5000 DLBCL patients highlights the unmet medical need to improve the outcome of DLBCL patients suffering from CNS relapse.

Efficacy of intravenous high-dose methotrexate in preventing relapse to the central nervous system in R-CHOP(-like)-treated, high-risk, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients and its effect on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Central nervous system (CNS) relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) carries a dismal prognosis and most clinical guidelines recommend CNS prophylaxis to patients deemed at high risk of CNS relapse. However, results from observational studies investigating the effect of CNS prophylaxis have yielded conflicting results. The aims of this study were to evaluate: (i) whether addition of prophylactic intravenous high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) reduces the risk of CNS relapse in high-risk DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP or similar, and (ii) whether HD-MTX prophylaxis confers an overall survival benefit, irrespective of CNS relapse. We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE for data on DLBCL patients at high risk of CNS relapse treated with R-CHOP or similar who received HD-MTX as an intervention and a comparator arm of patients who did not receive prophylaxis and/or intrathecal prophylaxis. A risk of bias was estimated using the ROBINS-I tool and the quality of the evidence was assessed by the GRADE approach. Finally, a meta- analysis based on the systematic review was conducted. A total of 1,812 studies were screened. No randomized controlled trials were identified. Seven observational studies comprising 1,661 patients met the inclusion criteria. We found a statistically non-significant relative risk of 0.54 (95% confidence interval: 0.27-1.07) of CNS relapse for patients receiving HD-MTX versus controls. The meta-analysis investigating mortality demonstrated a relative risk of death of 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.44-1.11) for patients treated with HD-MTX versus controls. The overall risk of bias was adjudged as "serious" and the quality of the evidence was rated as "low". In conclusion, our data indicate that HD-MTX does not prevent or, at best, only slightly reduces the risk of CNS relapse and confers no survival benefit.

Do Double-Expressor High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas Really Need Intensified Treatment? A Report from the Real-Life Series of High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas Treated with Different Therapeutic Protocols at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana

High-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements are known for their aggressive clinical course and so are the ones with MYC and BCL2 protein overexpression. The optimal therapy for these lymphomas remains to be elucidated. A retrospective analysis of all diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and high-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements diagnosed between 2017 and 2021 at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Slovenia, has been performed. Only patients with double-expressor lymphoma (DEL), double-hit lymphoma (DHL), or triple-hit lymphoma (THL) were included. Demographic and clinical parameters were assessed, as well as progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In total, 161 cases out of 309 (161/309; 52,1%) were classified as DEL. Sixteen patients had DHL, MYC/BCL2 rearrangement was observed in eleven patients, and MYC/BCL6 rearrangement was observed in five patients. Five patients were diagnosed with THL. Out of 154 patients (according to inclusion/exclusion criteria) included in further evaluation, one-hundred and thirty-five patients had double-expressor lymphoma (DEL), sixteen patients had DHL, and three patients had THL. In total, 169 patients were treated with R-CHOP, 10 with R-CHOP and intermediate-dose methotrexate, 19 with R-DA-EPOCH, and 16 with other regimens. The median follow-up was 22 months. The 5-year OS for the whole DEL group was 57.1% (95% CI 45.9-68.3%) and the 5-year PFS was 76.5% (95% CI 72.6-80.4%). The log-rank test disclosed no differences in survival between treatment groups (p = 0.712) while the high-risk international prognostic index (IPI) carried a significantly higher risk of death (HR 7.68, 95% CI 2.32-25.49, p = 0.001). The 5-year OS for DHL patients was 32.4% (95% CI 16.6-48.2%) while all three TH patients were deceased or lost to follow-up. Our analyses of real-life data disclose that the R-CHOP protocol with CNS prophylaxis is a successful and curative treatment for a substantial proportion of DEL patients.

Recent updates on central nervous system prophylaxis in patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The use of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains controversial. Although uncommon, CNS relapses are invariably fatal in this otherwise curable disease. Accurate identification of patients at risk and the optimal approach to CNS prophylaxis therefore remains an area of unmet need. The existing literature, largely retrospective in nature, provides mixed conclusions regarding the efficacy of CNS prophylaxis. The utility of CNS prophylaxis has itself been challenged. In this review, we dissect the issues which render the value of CNS prophylaxis uncertain. We first compare international clinical guidelines for CNS prophylaxis. We then interrogate the factors that should be used to identify high-risk patients accurately. We also explore how clinical patterns of CNS relapse have changed in the pre-rituximab and rituximab era. We then discuss the efficacy of CNS-directed approaches, intensification of systemic treatment and other novel approaches in CNS prophylaxis. Improved diagnostics for early detection of CNS relapses and newer therapeutics for CNS prophylaxis are areas of active investigation. In an area where prospective, randomized studies are impracticable and lacking, guidance for the use of CNS prophylaxis will depend on rigorous statistical review of retrospective data.

High-Dose Methotrexate as CNS Prophylaxis in High-Risk Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma

PURPOSE

CNS progression or relapse is an uncommon but devastating complication of aggressive B-cell lymphoma. There is no consensus regarding the optimal approach to CNS prophylaxis. This study was designed to determine whether high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is effective at preventing CNS progression in patients at high risk of this complication.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients age 18-80 years with aggressive B-cell lymphoma and high risk of CNS progression, treated with curative-intent anti-CD20-based chemoimmunotherapy, were included in this international, retrospective, observational study. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and cumulative risks of CNS progression were calculated according to use of HD-MTX, with time to CNS progression calculated from diagnosis for all patients (all-pts) and from completion of frontline systemic lymphoma induction therapy, for patients in complete response at completion of chemoimmunotherapy (CR-pts).

RESULTS

Two thousand four hundred eighteen all-pts (HD-MTX; n = 425) and 1,616 CR-pts (HD-MTX; n = 356) were included. CNS International Prognostic Index was 4-6 in 83.4% all-pts. Patients treated with HD-MTX had a lower risk of CNS progression (adjusted HR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.38 to 0.90]; P = .014), but significance was not retained when confined to CR-pts (adjusted HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.42 to 1.30]; P = .29), with 5-year adjusted risk difference of 1.6% (95% CI, -1.5 to 4.4; all-pts) and 1.4% (95% CI, -1.5 to 4.1; CR-pts). Subgroups were underpowered to draw definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of HD-MTX in individual high-risk clinical scenarios; however, there was no clear reduction in CNS progression risk with HD-MTX in any high-risk subgroup.

CONCLUSION

In this large study, high-risk patients receiving HD-MTX had a 7.2% 2-year risk of CNS progression, consistent with the progression risk in previously reported high-risk cohorts. Use of HD-MTX was not associated with a clinically meaningful reduction in risk of CNS progression.

How I treat diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is usually treated with chemoimmunotherapy in curative intention at initial diagnosis. Novel agents have improved the prognosis of high-risk patients in the front-line and relapsed setting and more accurate prognostic tools enable less intensive treatment for low-risk patients, while maintaining their good prognosis. Here, we summarize our approach to DLBCL patients in the first-line setting according to their risk profile and other common challenges in clinical practice. We recommend an abbreviated course of chemoimmunotherapy in low-risk patients and a negative interim positron emission tomography. For patients with higher-risk disease, a new combination treatment with polatuzumab vedotin has been approved and is a new option in these patients. We also discuss our approach to patients with high risk for subsequent central nervous system involvement, with leg-type lymphoma or with severe comorbidities.

Predictive impact of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and number of extranodal sites for identification of patients at very high risk of CNS relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

There remains an unmet clinical need to identify which patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) would benefit from central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis, due to the low positive predictive value (PPV; 10%-15%) of the currently available predictive models. To stratify patients at high risk of developing CNS relapse, we retrospectively analyzed 182 patients with DLBCL initially treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP), or a R-CHOP-like regimen. Among them, 17 patients relapsed with CNS involvement, and the 2-year rate of CNS relapse was 7.9%. Upon carrying out multivariate analysis, ≥3 extranodal sites and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels at diagnosis were identified as independent risk factors for CNS relapse. The 2-year and 3.5-year rates of CNS relapse were 57.1% and 78.6%, respectively, in patients with both elevated sIL-2R and ≥3 extranodal sites. Furthermore, combined use of these risk factors of both elevated sIL-2R and ≥3 extranodal sites resulted in a high PPV (71.4%), negative predictive value (93.1%), and overall accuracy (92.3%) for undergoing CNS relapse. In conclusion, we propose a simple and valuable tool to predict patients with DLBCL at very high risk of CNS relapse.

Case Report: Bortezomib Plus CDOP Followed by Sequential Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Lenalidomide-Based Maintenance Therapy in Plasmablastic Lymphoma

The standardized treatment plan for patients with plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) remains controversial. Taking morphological characteristics and immunophenotypes into consideration may provide superior options for the treatment of PBL. In this case, we report that a myeloma-type regimen containing bortezomib plus cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vindesine and prednisolone (CDOP) followed by sequential autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and lenalidomide-based maintenance therapy to treat PBL may represent a promising regimen to improve the prognosis.

Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis in antiCD20-CHOP treated DLBCL at intermediate to high risk for CNS relapse: A systematic review and meta-analysis

CNS prophylaxis is commonly used in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with risk features for CNS relapse. This systematic review and meta-analysis compares CNS relapse rates with and without CNS prophylaxis, for patients at intermediate to high CNS relapse risk. Studies reporting CNS relapse risk category and CNS outcomes with and without CNS prophylaxis for antiCD20-CHOP treated DLBCL patients were included. 10 studies with 3770 patients at intermediate to high CNS relapse risk were analyzed. No significant difference in the pooled Absolute Risk Difference (ARD 0.01, 95 % CI -0.01 to 0.02, P = 0.61) or Risk (RR 1.22, 95 % CI 0.81-1.83, P = 0.34) was noted in patients with and without CNS prophylaxis. There were also no differences within pre-specified subgroups of IV Methotrexate or IT chemotherapy. However, the quality of evidence supporting these observations was low. A meta-analysis of individual patient data will help evaluate the benefit of CNS prophylaxis strategies.

High-dose methotrexate is effective for prevention of isolated CNS relapse in diffuse large B cell lymphoma

The role of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) in DLBCL is controversial. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic HDMTX on isolated CNS relapse, concomitant CNS and systemic relapse, systemic relapse, and survival outcomes in 226 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL and high-risk CNS International Prognostic Index (CNS-IPI) score treated with RCHOP. The three-year risk of isolated CNS relapse was significantly lower in patients who received HDMTX, at 3.1% compared to 14.6% (P = 0.032) in those who did not. However, neither concomitant CNS-systemic relapse rates, systemic relapse rates, nor three-year PFS and OS were significantly different between treatment groups in multivariable analysis. Among propensity score-matched patients (N = 102), HDMTX was also associated with significantly lower isolated CNS relapse rates (HR 0.06, 95% CI 0.004–0.946, P = 0.046). HDMTX was well tolerated with manageable toxicities when given at a dose of 3 g/m² by day 3 of RCHOP chemotherapy. Using propensity score matching and multivariable regression to yield treatment groups with well-balanced covariates, we showed that prophylactic HDMTX improved isolated CNS relapse rates but did not decrease concomitant CNS-systemic relapse rates, systemic relapse rates, or improve survival outcomes.

Obesity is associated with an impaired survival in lymphoma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) provides a potentially curative treatment option for relapsed and refractory lymphomas. Obesity displays an emerging epidemic risk factor for global mortality and is associated with an increased mortality in cancer patients. To date, the impact of obesity on the outcome of lymphoma patients undergoing auto-HSCT is understudied. We conducted a retrospective single-center study assessing 119 lymphoma patients who underwent auto-HSCT. Overall survival (OS) served as the primary endpoint whereas progression free survival (PFS), cumulative incidence of non-relapse related mortality (NRM) and cumulative incidence of relapse were analyzed as secondary endpoints. Obese patients (Body mass index, BMI≥30) had significantly lower OS (45.3% vs. 77.9%; p = 0.005) and PFS (29.8% vs. 67.2%; p<0.001) compared to non-obese patients at 48 months post-transplantation. The cumulative incidence of NRM displayed no significant differences while the cumulative incidence of relapse was significantly increased in patients with BMI≥30 (66.2% vs. 21.5%; p<0.001). Patients with a BMI<25 and overweight patients (BMI 25–30; 76.1% vs. 80.9%; p = 0.585), showed no significant difference in OS, whereas patients with BMI≥30 exhibited significant lower OS when compared to either of both groups (76.1% vs. 45.3%; p = .0.021 and 80.9% vs. 45.3%; p = 0.010). Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, obesity was identified as an independent risk factor for death (Hazard ratio 2.231; 95% CI 1.024 to 4.860; p = 0.043). Further studies are needed to evaluate the reasons for the higher relapse rate causing higher mortality in obese patients.

Hemophagocytic Syndrome-Associated Variant of Methotrexate-Associated Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient

A 59-year-old man was treated for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for 12 years with methotrexate (MTX) and prednisolone. After MTX-associated interstitial pneumonia developed, he was treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone for 7 months. Arthritis worsened, and tacrolimus was added to the treatment regimen. One month later, he had fever, loss of appetite, and dyspnea on exertion. Blood tests showed pancytopenia with large, atypical lymphocytes. Computed tomography showed mild splenomegaly. Bone marrow examination demonstrated CD20-positive, EBER-positive atypical lymphocytes, and hemophagocytosis. Random skin biopsy led to the diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL). The final diagnosis was a hemophagocytic syndrome-associated variant of IVLBCL. Complete remission was achieved after seven courses of R-CHOP. However, within a month, he complained of dizziness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed focal infarctions in the cerebellum and around the left lateral ventricle. Central nervous system relapse was suspected. Although salvage chemotherapy (CHASER), whole brain irradiation, and intrathecal injection of cytarabine and prednisolone were temporarily effective, he died. Autopsy revealed infiltration of lymphoma cells in the brain and adrenal glands. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth case of IVLBCL and the first case of the hemophagocytic syndrome-associated variant of IVLBCL in RA patients in the literature.

Advances in risk assessment and prophylaxis for central nervous system relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Central nervous sytem recurrence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an uncommon but devastating event, making identification of patients at high risk for relapse within the central nervous system essential for clinicians. Modern risk stratification includes both clinical and biological features. A validated clinical risk model employing the five traditional International Prognostic Index risk factors plus renal or adrenal involvement can identify a high-risk patient population with a central nervous system recurrence risk of greater than 10%. Lymphoma involvement of certain discrete extranodal sites such as the testis also confers increased risk, even in stage I disease. Adverse biological risk factors for central nervous system relapse include presence of translocations of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6, in so-called double- or triple-hit lymphoma. Immunohistochemically detectable co-expression of MYC and BCL2 in the absence of translocations also portends an increased risk of relapse within the central nervous system, particularly in the setting of the activated B-cell-like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The role, method, and timing of prophylactic therapy remain controversial based on the available data. We review both intrathecal and systemic strategies for prophylaxis in high-risk patients. Our preference is for systemic methotrexate in concert with standard chemoimmunotherapy in the majority of cases. Several novel agents have also demonstrated clinical activity in primary and secondary central nervous system lymphoma and warrant future investigation in the prophylactic setting.