1
|
Yamamoto A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Arita Y, Ueno Y, Murakami T, Jinzaki M. Evaluation of the clinical behavior of unclassified renal cell carcinoma and its imaging findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging based on World Health Organization (WHO) 2022. Jpn J Radiol 2024; 42:78-86. [PMID: 37596486 PMCID: PMC10764380 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain the clinical behaviors of unclassified renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its characteristic imaging findings on CT and MRI. METHODS Subjects in this retrospective study were 10 patients who had received a histological diagnosis of unclassified RCC based on World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 and who had undergone CT and/or MRI prior to surgery. In terms of clinical behaviors, TNM classification, stage, postoperative recurrence, time to recurrence, and postoperative survival were evaluated. In terms of imaging findings, tumor size, growth pattern, CT density, dynamic contrast-enhancement (DCE) pattern, internal appearance, presence of a pseudocapsule, and signal intensity on MRI were evaluated. We compared clinical behaviors and imaging findings, and investigated associations between them. RESULTS One patient could not be followed-up due to death from other causes. Postoperative recurrence was observed in 4 patients, all of whom had Stage 3 RCC. In the remaining 5 patients without recurrence, all 5 patients showed Stage 2 or below. On imaging, unclassified RCC tended to be large (58.7 mm) and solid (100%), and heterogeneous interiors (80%), cystic degeneration (80%) and high intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) (71.4%) were common. Comparing patients with and without recurrence, the following findings tended to differ between recurrence and recurrence-free groups: tumor size (73.4 ± 33.9 mm vs. 50.2 ± 33.9 mm, P = 0.286), growth pattern (invasive: 100% vs. 0%, expansive: 0% vs. 100%, P = 0.008 each), DCE pattern (progressive enhancement pattern, 66.7% vs. 0%, washout pattern, 0% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.135 each) and presence of a pseudocapsule (25% vs. 80%, P = 0.167). CONCLUSION The clinical behavior of unclassified RCC varies widely. Although imaging findings are also variable, findings of large, heterogeneous tumors with cystic degeneration and high intensity on DWI were common. Several imaging findings such as large size, invasive growth, progressive enhancement pattern and no pseudocapsule may enable prediction of prognosis in unclassified RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Higaki
- Department of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Arita
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ueno
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takamichi Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Méndez-Vidal MJ, Lázaro Quintela M, Lainez-Milagro N, Perez-Valderrama B, Suárez Rodriguez C, Arranz Arija JÁ, Peláez Fernández I, Gallardo Díaz E, Lambea Sorrosal J, González-del-Alba A. SEOM SOGUG clinical guideline for treatment of kidney cancer (2022). Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2732-2748. [PMID: 37556095 PMCID: PMC10425490 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Renal cancer is the seventh most common cancer in men and the tenth in women. The aim of this article is to review the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of renal carcinoma accompanied by recommendations with new evidence and treatment algorithms. A new pathologic classification of RCC by the World Health Organization (WHO) was published in 2022 and this classification would be considered a "bridge" to a future molecular classification. For patients with localized disease, surgery is the treatment of choice with nephron-sparing surgery recommended when feasible. Adjuvant treatment with pembrolizumab is an option for intermediate-or high-risk cases, as well as patients after complete resection of metastatic disease. More data are needed in the future, including positive overall survival data. Clinical prognostic classification, preferably IMDC, should be used for treatment decision making in mRCC. Cytoreductive nephrectomy should not be deemed mandatory in individuals with intermediate-poor IMDC/MSKCC risk who require systemic therapy. Metastasectomy can be contemplated in selected subjects with a limited number of metastases or long metachronous disease-free interval. For the population of patients with metastatic ccRCC as a whole, the combination of pembrolizumab-axitinib, nivolumab-cabozantinib, or pembrolizumab-lenvatinib can be considered as the first option based on the benefit obtained in OS versus sunitinib. In cases that have an intermediate IMDC and poor prognosis, the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has demonstrated superior OS compared to sunitinib. As for individuals with advanced RCC previously treated with one or two antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, nivolumab and cabozantinib are the options of choice. When there is progression following initial immunotherapy-based treatment, we recommend treatment with an antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. While no clear sequence can be advocated, medical oncologists and patients should be aware of the recent advances and new strategies that improve survival and quality of life in the setting of metastatic RC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Méndez-Vidal
- Medical Oncology Department, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Martin Lázaro Quintela
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Nuria Lainez-Milagro
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio Lambea Sorrosal
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Climent C, Soriano S, Bonfill T, Lopez N, Rodriguez M, Sierra M, Andreu P, Fragio M, Busquets M, Carrasco A, Cano O, Seguí MA, Gallardo E. The role of immunotherapy in non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:941835. [PMID: 36816976 PMCID: PMC9936973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.941835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The category of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) includes several clinically, histologically, and molecularly diverse entities. Traditionally, they comprise type 1 and type 2 papillary, chromophobe, unclassified, and other histologies (medullary, collecting duct carcinoma, and translocation-associated). Molecular knowledge has allowed the identification of some other specific subtypes, such as fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or succinate dehydrogenase-associated RCC. In addition, it has recognized some alterations with a possible predictive role, e.g., MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) alterations in papillary tumors. Standard therapies for the management of advanced clear cell RCC (ccRCC), i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathway inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, have shown poorer results in nccRCC patients. Therefore, there is a need to improve the efficacy of the treatment for advanced nccRCC. Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), has demonstrated a significant survival benefit in several malignant neoplasias, including ccRCC, with a proportion of patients achieving long survival. The combinations of ICI or ICI + VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard of care in advanced ccRCC. Unfortunately, major pivotal trials did not include specific nccRCC populations. In recent years, several studies have retrospectively or prospectively evaluated ICIs alone or in combination with another ICI or with TKIs in nccRCC patients. In this article, we review data from available trials in order to elucidate clinical and molecular profiles that could benefit from immunotherapy approaches.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grimm MO, Grünwald V, Müller-Huesmann H, Ivanyi P, Schostak M, von der Heyde E, Schultze-Seemann W, Belz H, Bögemann M, Wang M, Herber M, Bedke J. Real-World Data on the Use of Nivolumab Monotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma after Prior Therapy: Interim Results from the Noninterventional NORA Study. Eur Urol Focus 2022; 8:1289-1299. [PMID: 34953677 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nivolumab monotherapy is approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) after prior therapy on the basis of results from CheckMate 025. OBJECTIVE The NORA (NivOlumab in Renal cell cArcinoma) noninterventional study (NIS) aims to capture real-world data to complement the pivotal CheckMate 025 clinical trial. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS NORA is a prospective, multicenter NIS in Germany. Consenting patients with aRCC of any subtype who started nivolumab after previous therapy were eligible. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary objective was to estimate overall survival (OS) in the overall population and relevant subgroups. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), the objective response rate (ORR), the duration of response (DOR), safety, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Baseline characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. OS and PFS were estimated via the Kaplan-Meier-method. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 228 patients with aRCC were eligible. The median age was 70 yr, 71% were male, 14% had favorable, 58% had intermediate, and 15% had poor International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium risk (12% missing information). The median follow-up was 37 mo. In the overall population, median OS was 24 mo (95% confidence interval [CI] 19-28) and median PFS was 5.3 mo (95% CI 3.9-6.7). The ORR was 20% and the median DOR was 28 mo (95% CI 16-not estimable). No new safety signals emerged (46% and 15% of patients had treatment-related adverse events of all grades and grade 3-4, respectively; there was 1 treatment-related death due to liver failure). PROs did not reveal detriments during the study duration. Limitations include the lack of central pathology review and no standardization for imaging evaluation and toxicity assessment. CONCLUSIONS Effectiveness and safety in this real-world population were in line with the pivotal clinical trial and support the use of nivolumab after prior systemic therapy in a broad aRCC population. PATIENT SUMMARY Nivolumab is an antibody treatment approved for patients with advanced kidney cancer who have already received systemic therapy. Its approval was based on results from a clinical trial. Our study demonstrates its effectiveness and safety in "real-world" patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Grünwald
- Medical Oncology and Urology Clinics, West-German Cancer Center Essen, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Müller-Huesmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Brüderkrankenhaus St. Josef, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Philipp Ivanyi
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schostak
- Department of Urology, Urooncology, Robot-Assisted and Focal Therapy, Magdeburg University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eyck von der Heyde
- Gemeinschaftspraxis für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Onkologische Praxis am Raschplatz, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hanjo Belz
- Zeisigwaldkliniken Bethanien, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Martin Bögemann
- Department of Urology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Meng Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb UK, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Non-clear cell renal carcinomas: Review of new molecular insights and recent clinical data. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 97:102191. [PMID: 34015728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (nccRCC) represent a highly heterogeneous group of kidney tumors, consisting of the following subtypes: papillary carcinomas, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, so-called unclassified carcinomas or aggressive uncommon carcinomas such as Bellini carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with ALK rearrangement or fumarate hydratase-deficient RCC. Although non-clear cell cancers account for only 15 to 30% of renal tumors, they are often misclassified and accurate diagnosis continues to be an issue in clinical practice. Current therapeutic strategy of metastatic nccRCC is based primarily on guidelines established for clear cell tumors, the most common subtype, however this approach remains poorly defined. To date, published clinical trials for all histological nccRCC subtypes have been collectively characterized into one group, in contrast to clear cell RCC, and given the small numbers of cases, the interpretation of study results continues to be challenging. This review summarizes the available literature for each nccRCC subtype and highlights the lack of supportive evidence from prospective clinical trials and retrospective studies. Future trials should evaluate treatment approaches which focus on a specific histological subtype and progress in treating nccRCC will be contingent on understanding the unique biology of their individual histologies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mollica V, Franceschini T, Gruppioni E, Rizzo A, Ricci C, Schiavina R, Brunocilla E, Ardizzoni A, Fiorentino M, Giunchi F, Massari F. Broad spectrum mutational analysis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma using next-generation sequencing. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 219:153350. [PMID: 33556910 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is a rare subtype of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Due to its rarity, its molecular characterization as well as therapeutic targets are still not fully understood. METHODS We performed a next-generation sequencing analysis using the platform Ion PGM System on 20 retrospectively collected ChRCC cases with the aim of identify molecular biomarkers with potential prognostic value or that could have therapeutic implications. RESULTS We identified mutation onTP53, SMARCB1, RB1 and JAK3. The most frequently altered gene was TP53 (6/20, 30 % of cases). SMARCB1 mutation was found in 3 (15 %) patients and in all cases the mutational variant was p.T72 K, with known pathogenenic meaning. One (5%) patient presented a pathogenetic mutation of RB1. JAK3 was mutated in 1 (5%) patient and this mutation resulted to have uncertain pathogenetic significance. CONCLUSION ChRCC is a rare disease still not fully molecularly characterized. Next-generation sequencing analysis could be useful to identify potential mutation with prognostic value or that could be potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tania Franceschini
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Gruppioni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costantino Ricci
- Department of Specialistic Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Schiavina
- Department of Urology, University of Bologna, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Italy
| | - Eugenio Brunocilla
- Department of Urology, University of Bologna, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Specialistic Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thana M, Wood LA. First-Line Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. KIDNEY CANCER 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/kca-190076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myuran Thana
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lori Anne Wood
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lavacchi D, Pellegrini E, Palmieri VE, Doni L, Mela MM, Di Maida F, Amedei A, Pillozzi S, Carini M, Antonuzzo L. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cancer: Current State and Future Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4691. [PMID: 32630154 PMCID: PMC7369721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatment of renal cancer (RCC) has undergone remarkable changes over the past 20 years with the introduction of immunotherapeutic agents targeting programmed cell death (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, as a single-agent or combined with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) or a multi-target vascular endothelial growth factor-(VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). In this paper, we review the main evidence on the use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) for RCC treatment from the first demonstration of activity of a nivolumab single agent in a phase I trial to the novel combination strategies (anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD-1 plus TKI). In addition, we discuss the use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in patients with non-clear cells and rare histological subtype RCC. Then, we critically examine the current findings in biomarkers that have been proposed to be prognostic or predictive to the response of immunotherapy including immune gene expression signature, B7-H1 expression, PBRM1 loss of function, PD-L1 expression, frame shift indel count, mutations in bromodomain-containing genes in patients with MiT family translocation RCC (tRCC), high expression of the T-effector gene signature, and a high myeloid inflammation gene expression pattern. To date, a single biomarker as a predictor of response has not been established. Since the dynamic behavior of the immune response and the different impact of ICI treatment on patients with specific RCC subtypes, the integration of multiple biomarkers and further validation in clinical trials are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lavacchi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Valeria Emma Palmieri
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Doni
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Marinella Micol Mela
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Di Maida
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Carini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Negrier S, Rioux-Leclercq N, Ferlay C, Gross-Goupil M, Gravis G, Geoffrois L, Chevreau C, Boyle H, Rolland F, Blanc E, Ravaud A, Dermeche S, Flechon A, Albiges L, Pérol D, Escudier B. Axitinib in first-line for patients with metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma: Results of the multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase II AXIPAP trial. Eur J Cancer 2020; 129:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Grimm MO, Leucht K, Grünwald V, Foller S. New First Line Treatment Options of Clear Cell Renal Cell Cancer Patients with PD-1 or PD-L1 Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020565. [PMID: 32092974 PMCID: PMC7074019 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) the PD-1 immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) Nivolumab became a standard second line treatment option in 2015 based on a significant improvement of overall survival compared to Everolimus. Current pivotal phase 3 studies showed that PD-1 ICI-based combinations were more efficacious than the VEGFR-TKI Sunitinib, a previous standard of care, leading to approval of three new regimens as guideline-recommended first-line treatment. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab is characterized by a survival advantage, a high rate of complete response and durable remissions in intermediate and poor prognosis patients. Despite frequent immune-mediated side effects, fewer symptoms and a better quality of life were observed compared to Sunitinib. Pembrolizumab or Avelumab plus Axitinib were characterized by an improved progression-free-survival and a high response rate with a low rate of intrinsic resistance. In addition, Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib reached a significant survival benefit. The side effect profile is driven by the chronic toxicity of Axitinib, but there is additional risk of immune-mediated side effects of the PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs. The quality of life data published so far do not suggest any improvement regarding patient-reported outcomes compared to the previous standard Sunitinib. The PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs thus form the backbone of the first-line therapy of mRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Oliver Grimm
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (K.L.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9329901
| | - Katharina Leucht
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (K.L.); (S.F.)
| | - Viktor Grünwald
- Interdisciplinary Urology, Western German Tumor Center Essen, Department for Internal Medicine and Urology, University Hospital Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany;
| | - Susan Foller
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (K.L.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|